transcript
_CGGCDE ]FDNK]RKDZK, "DEGKPA
Mdrusa
4
la `kc ordl`c raedlzc `kggd gkttkrdturd lavkmkltksmd æ 4360 `c
Okarok Arwkgg, gdvara `kggd skmal`d ektâ `kogc dllc –02, cl muc
g–dutark ceedoclú g–dssktta eal`cdgk `c dgmulc `kmkllc `apa. ]uggd
Pkrrd dggard sdrkjjkra trk ordl`c ]tdtc, `kgg–Amkdlcd idrkjjk
pdrtk
Gal`rd `avk sc svagoala gk vcmkl`k ldrrdtk. Maeulkekltk sc smarok
cl 4360 gd iuturd passcjcgk `koklkrdzcalk `kgg–kspkrcklzd starcmd
`kg maeulcsea edrxcstd, gktturd `d muc cl tdg vkrsa sc rcmdvkrkjjk
” maeulquk ” ul ealcta maltra c pkrcmagc pkr gd gcjkrtâ k
gd `keamrdzcd. Puttdvcd smrutdl`a lkg praial`a `kg rdmmalta kekr-
ok lctc`d uld strutturd pagctcmd dggd rd`cmk `kggd samcktâ
amkdlcdld gd qudgk rckvamd cg tatdgctdrcsea c`kagaocma `kggd Mfcksd
mdttagcmd ek`ckvdgk. [l scstked mfk `urú ” clmaltrdl`a
mrksmkltc `ciicmagtâ ” jkl agtrk cg Ek`cakva, iclkl`a
magg–ksskrk ekssa cl `kiclctcvd mrcsc (sujctk vdrck smcsscalc)
`dgg–Cggueclcsea.
Tukstd cltkrprktdzcalk lal dppdrk prcvd `c jdsc sk malsc`krcdea
dssckek d ]cealk _kcg4 mfk gd ed`rk `c aolc smfked tatdgctdrca
ammc`kltdgk iu gd prdtcmd `c patkrk skmagdrk mdttagcmd (rcidmkltksc
dgg–cepastdzcalk stdtdgk tkamrdtcmd vktkratk- stdekltdrcd)8 vk`rkea
qucl`c cl `kttdogca mfk g–Amkdlcd arwkggcdld sc ial`d su tdgk
pratatcpa (cl dppdrklzd) gdcmczzdta. [l ea`kgga, `k idmta, `cktra
`cvkrsd vkstk, edltklkltk cltdttd qukggd sastdlzd.
Cg pratdoalcstd `kg raedlza, cg ea`ksta k skepgcmk _clstal ]ectf,
cg qudgk kltrkrâ cl cltcectâ mal gd smalasmcutd Ocugcd (Hugcd), æ
ul cepckodta `kg eclcstkra `kggd vkrctâ (`cmdstkra prkpasta d
smuagd k edss-ek`cd, drtc k svdofc).
Yk lk sala dgtrc trk8 `kgg–deark, `kgg–djjal`dlzd, `kggd pdmk>
mfk sc ammupdla `c rcspktta `kgg–ar`clk mastctucta, kmalaecd,
`ciksd k oukrrd. Gd prced masd sdgckltk `c 4360 aiikrtd d quksta
mdeecla dldgctcma maepdrdta æ gd smrcttd JCO JZAPFKZ C] _DPMFCLO
SA[ saprd ul edlciksta8 jco jratfkr, `c sagcta trd`atta ordl`k
irdtkgga, cl`cmd cg irdtkgga edoocark, mfc dppulta ” maek lkg
lastra mdsa ” mal kspkrcklzd supkrcark sc prkl`krkjjk murd `kc
irdtkggc eclarc> cg idtta mfk tc stcd oudr`dl`a (`d latdrk
cg mastrutta pkrcirdstcma cg qudgk rkl`k gd pul- tudgk clcltkrrattd
dttudgctâ `c mcú) rcmar`d g–allcsmcklzd `cvcld. Cg Jco Jratfkr sar-
vkogcd aolula `dgg–dgta `kggd sud clidggcjcgk sdpcklzd, pralta d`
deealcrk k d mar- rkookrk (sc pklsc d qudlta sc `cmkvd
lkgg–ceek`cdta ugtcea `apaoukrrd cl Ctdgcd dg iclk `c `cssud`krk cg
vata dg RMC8 «Lkggd mdjcld kgkttardgk @ca tc vk`k, ]tdgcl
la¾).
Gd mdpdmctâ `c cl`dodrk k tklkrk satt–ammfca, lalmfã `c cliaredrk k
cl`attrc- ldrk d` fam, sc malmrktczzd lkggk mdsk pkr ekzza `c ul
tkgkvcsark («tkgksmrkkl¾), mfk lal sc puú spkolkrk, ula smfkrea
dttcva cl edlckrd ulcgdtkrdgk, mal iulzcalk `c tkgkmdekrd mfk
sarvkogcd gd smkld k rcgkvd purk c sualc, dg skrvczca `kggd
«Pfauoft
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Mdrusa
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Ragcmk¾. Cg laek `c qukst–arodlcsea cspkttcva, cltksa lkg sua pura
vdgark skedltc- ma, rkstctucsmk cg scolcicmdta `c ul kltk
clqucsctarca qudgk qukgga mfk iu arodla `kggd Mfcksd mdttagcmd8 gd
pagczcd `kg (a sugg–dvkr) pklsdta, gd pagczcd `kg pklsckra mfk
rcpugcsmk cg malsarzca uedla `d mcú mfk æ ocu`cmdta cggkmcta,
lamcva dg scstked `aec- ldltk (ula spcrcta k ula zkga praprc
`kgg–Clqucsczcalk).
Lkg rkocek amkdlcdla c jdejclc vkloala k`umdtc `d dppasctk
arodlczzd- zcalc d` dssuekrk `dc skttk dllc cg ruaga `c spck `kltra
gk gara idecogck k d skoldgd- rk dggd tfauoft pagcmk tutta qudlta æ
rkputdta lal maliarek d ul malsala stcgk `c vctd> pdrcekltc gk
ocavdlc `allk cl pdrtcmagdrk sc prkstdla dggd rcmkrmd `c iklaeklc
«ktkra`assc (ulfarta`axy)¾. C malmkttc, kspastc lkg tksta, `c
«tfauoft-mrcecldg¾ k `c «tfauoftmrcek¾ (magpkvagk-`c-dvkr-rdocaldta
k rkdta-`c-pklsdrk) rcmfcdedla gk mdtkoarck tkagaocmfk mrcstcdlk `c
pkmmdtark k pkmmdta eartdgk.
_clstal vcvk cl ula ]tdta lkg qudgk lal kscstala pcó ma`cmc `c
larek pasc- tcvk, lal sala stdjcgctk prkmcsk clirdzcalc>
mcalalastdltk cg maeprdrk k cg passk`krk ul qud`krla pkr guc sala
rctklutc dttc mfk passala mdusdrk prajgkec (`d lal trd- smurdrk mfk
dc maepalkltc `kg Rdrtcta ” ul oklkrk `c kmmgkscd gdcmd
” krd pracjcta idr maepkrk cl ul maeulk pulta `c maeekrmca),
prajgkec mfk patkvdla mal`urrk d :; dllc `c gdvarc iarzdtc a
d``crctturd dggd pkld mdpctdgk. Cg tfauotmrcek æ kqucvd- gkltk dg
pkmmdta eartdgk pacmfã gd sud arcoclk smdturcsmk
`dgg–cltkrcarczzdzcalk `kg sklsa `c magpd `c muc Lcktzsmfk pdrgd
lkggd Oklkdgaocd `kggd eardgk. _clstal dllatd sug sua `cdrca mfk
«cg-rkdta-`c-pklsdrk lal pravamd eartk8 cg-rkdta-`c- pklsdrk æ
eartk¾. Cg tfauoftmrcek ” `cmk Arwkgg æ «cg mrceclk `c ial`a
mfk maltk- lkvd aolc dgtra cl sã¾, qudgmasd `c lal ldsmal`cjcgk. Æ
`ulquk gd prackzcalk `ktkr- rkltk `kggd pcó praial`d magpkvagkzzd
lkggd masmcklzd `kogc uaeclc `d pdrtk `kg Jco Jratfkr vagtd d
mrkdrk ul ekmmdlcsea `c sdgvdoudr`cd `dggd `kvcdzcalk `c ul
pklsckra dutalaea8 kssa æ lkvrasc, æ pkmmdta. Rkrtdlta cl Amkdlcd
«lal krd `dg idr- tc skltcrk jklsç `dgga stdrk sdla mfk praskoucvc
g–krk`ctâ uedld¾. Cg pkmmdta æ `ciik- rkltk `dg rkdta k `dg
malmktta `c clocusta malscogcdta `dg `crctta `c ldturd8 qukstc `uk
sala cl ecsurd tkl`kltk dgg–ulcvkrsdgk `ktkrecldtc `dggd
rdocalk.
Dzcalc mdtdgaodtk trd c pkmmdtc lal skeprk sala ocu`cmdjcgc rkdtc
(d` kske- pca cg `cvarzca k g–aeaskssudgctâ). Arwkgg mfcdrcsmk cg
tceark `kg pratdoalcstd ed- smfcgk lkg tklkrk ul `cdrca8 «@c iraltk
d guc lal sc palkvd eartk ed dllckltdeklta ^dllcfcgdtcal>
l.`.r.U. Cg `cdrca sdrkjjk stdta rc`atta d mklkrc k guc stkssa d
vdpark ^vdpaur> l.`.r.U. ]agdekltk gd Pfauoft Ragcmk dvrkjjk
gktta qudlta dvkvd smrctta, prced mfk dvksskra mdlmkggdta kssa
`dgg–kscstklzd k `dggd ekearcd¾.
Mdrusa
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lkd gd passcjcgctâ `c dttkoocdekltc «jcoattc (jcoatk`)¾, k pac
`dgg–usa `c uld kspgcmc- td tkreclagaocd. G–dltdoalcstd `kg
Irdtkgga Edoocark, mfk gd mdtkmfksc uiicmcdgk `â cl pdsta d
cltkggcoklzk `kiaredtk `d ul–k`umdzcalk ceeajcgczzdltk gd maeprk l-
scalk ajckttcvd `kggd rkdgtâ mcrmastdltk, vcklk eastrdta lkggd
qudgctâ `c «dpastdtd (jdmnsgc`kr)¾, «krktcma (fkrktcm)¾, cspcrdtark
`c «krksck (fkrkscks)¾ (lalmfã `c dzcalc `c `dllkoocdeklta). Tuksta
Keedlukg Oag`stkcl (cg muc laek tkaiarcma æ pdrkm- mfca cl`cmdtcva8
@ca-mal-lac) æ rdpprkskltdta `dgga stkrkatcpa pgurcskmagdrk dltc-
skectd cg qudgk dvkvd dlmard uld trdmmcd lkg rcta `kg Yklkr`ç
sdlta, prkmk`kltk cg Malmcgca vdtcmdla CC `kg 439:-9;, dggarmfã sc
saggkmctdvdla c ik`kgc mdttagcmc d prkodrk «pra pkric`cs Cu`dkcs
(pkr c pkric`c Kjrkc)¾.
Oag`stkcl krd rdiicourdta ek`cdltk «uld edord idmmcd kjrkd, mal
ul–durkagd rcmmcd `c mdpkggc jcdlmfc k uld pcmmagd jdrjd d pultd
” ul vagta cltkggcokltk, k edg- ord`a tutta cl qudgmfk edlckrd
lkggd sud kssklzd sprkokvagk¾. Krd cg «rcllkodta (rklkod`k8
dpastdtd, trd`ctark)¾, mfk dvuta ul rdloa prasscea dg Jco Jratfkr
ogc dvkvd vagtdta gk spdggk8 «cg prcea trd`ctark (tfk prcedg
trdctar)¾ (uld vcd cltkrek`cd trd ]dtdld k Ocu`d), cg
maltrarcvaguzcaldrca iuoocta prced `c sujcrk gd mal`dlld mdpctdgk
(uld sartd `c Pratznch). [l–dutkltcmd k rkctkrdtd gcturocd
`kgg–a`ca (sc prdtc- mdla uld skttcedld `kgg–a`ca k c `uk eclutc
`–a`ca), sujgcedtd `dggd rdsscmu- rdltk vcmcldlzd `kg Irdtkgga
Edoocark, pagdrczzd cl lkodtcva `ktta «lkecma `kggd okltk¾8 «vk`krk
a pkricla pklsdrk d Oag`stkcl pra`umkvdla pdurd k crd cl ea`a
dutaedtcma¾.
G–cstcodzcalk dgg–a`ca iclk d cltrdppagdrk k crrcoc`crk cg pklsckra
susmctd cl _clstal, lkggk prcek pdoclk `kg rdmmalta, skppur
clsaspkttcta k `ujjcasa lkc mal- iraltc `kggd rkdgk jaltâ `kg Jco
Jratfkr, uld tkl`klzd d mkrmdrk jkrsdogc, vdrc cl sk- quklzd,
tkrecldltc lkgg–dlmard lal malasmcutd Ocugcd8 «Ycvc`k k edolcicmfk
dggu- mcldzcalc jdgkldvdla dttrdvkrsa gd sud ekltk. Gd magpcrkjjk d
eartk mal ul edl- odlkgga cl mdummcó. Gd gkofkrkjjk d ul pdga k gd
ummc`krkjjk pckld `c irkmmk smd- ogcdtk maek sdl ]kjdstcdla. Gd
vcagkltkrkjjk k tdogckrkjjk gd sud oagd dg eaeklta mugecldltk.
Ekogca `c prced, clagtrk, maeprksk mfk cg eatcva `c mcú krd mfk guc
gd a`cdssk. Gd a`cdvd pkrmfã krd ocavdlk k jkggd k maek
ul–dskssudtd ^Ocugcd æ csmrcttd dggd Gkod ocavdlcgk dltcskssa>
l.`.r.U, ocdmmfã varrkjjk dl`drk d gktta mal gkc k edc ga
idrkjjk, pacmfã dttarla dggd sud pcdmkvagk k igkssuasd vctd, gd
qudgk skejrd- vd mfck`krtc `c djjrdmmcdrgd, gâ krd saga g–a`casd
smdrgdttd idsmcd ^`kggd Hulcar Dltc - ]kx Gkdouk> l.`.r.U,
doorksscva scejaga `c mdstctâ¾. Zcoudr`a d quksta æ `d ekttk- rk cl
kvc`klzd cl pdrdggkga g–dttctu`clk skssuaiajcmd `kggd Mfcksd
ek`ckvdgk, uld `cspasczcalk ecsaocld: mfk partú d` dttc
rkprksscvc k dgg–clsklsdtd, crrdzcaldgk k
Mdrusa
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lkvratcmd mdmmcd dggd strkofk. Rkr sdl Paeedsa `–Dqucla gd `alld
sdrkjjk stdtd pra`attd `d @ca cl ul clsckek ldturdgk maepgkta `c
muc lal krd `kold, k pkrmcú ulcmdekltk cl ul skmal`a tkepa pkr
jcsaola. Tudlta pklsd _clstal æ irutta `kg- gd rkprksscalk skssudgk
k `c ul pdrctktcma spralk dgg–a`ca cg qudgk sdturd ordzck d ul
maltkluta lkodtcva gd pscmfk k spclok d lkvrasc maepugscvk k d
maepartdekltc `c- sturjdtc. @urdltk c `uk eclutc `–a`ca dmmd`kvd
dppulta mfk «ul–arrkl`d kstdsc idttd `c pdurd k spcrcta `c
vkl`kttd, ul `ksc`krca `c ummc`krk, tarturdrk, magpcrk mal vcagklzd
idmmk mal ul edrtkgga `d idjjra, pdrkvdla igucrk dttrdvkrsa cg
oruppa cl- tkra `c pkrsalk d oucsd `c uld marrkltk kgkttrcmd,
eutdltk ula pkricla maltra gd sud vagaltâ cl ul ksskrk mfk id
searick, cl ul pdzza mfk orc`d¾.
Dogc Amkdlcdlc æ tagtd `c edla gd passcjcgctâ `c ul ksdek marrktta
`kggk mask. Dgg–ksar`ca `kg sua `cdrca (0 doasta 4360) _clstal, gd
muc spkrdlzd æ rcvagtd dc suac patklzcdgc gkttarc iuturc, smrcvk
mfk gk ceedoclc dg mclked `kgg–ummcscalk `c ul u a- ea iasskra
rcsugtdtk masç orattksmfk dg pulta `c susmctdrk eagtkpgcmc rcsd8 cl
doocul- td g–diial`deklta `c uld jdrmd mdrcmd `c jcejc strdppú ul
vcva dppgdusa dc mae- palkltc `kg Rdrtcta (sk`utc lkgg–drkd d gara
rcskrvdtd), sagtdlta uld `alld `c papaga pratkstú d mdusd
`kgg–cld`koudtkzzd `c tdgc smklk dogc ammfc `kc pcó pcmmagc, k
vkllk mal`attd vcd `dggk iarzk `kgg–ar`clk. Gd sd`cmd `cstrdzcalk
`kogc Amkdlcdlc æ ea r- jasd (sc vk`d d prapascta cg `csmarsa `c
]yek lkg mdp. Y `kggd pdrtk C)8 gk pujjgcmfk kskmuzcalc d eartk
sala djjdstdlzd irkqukltc k mastctucsmala ula «spkttdmaga pa-
pagdrk (papugdr spkmtdmgk)¾.
Lkggd ek`ksced edlckrd cl muc sc pkrskouctdvdla pdodlc, krktcmc,
strkofk k` Kjrkc, quc ” uld vdrcdltk gdcmd `kggd Mrcstcdlctâ
ek`ckvdgk ” dvvkloala mdmmk k mal`dllk d mdrcma `kc
sastklctarc `c Oag`stkcl.
Mdrusa
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`c magpd sgkodtd `d pdrdektrc rdzcaldgc)8 masç purk ogc Amkdlcdlc
dmmagoala tdgk md- vdgga `c Pracd mfk dprk gk partk dggd prksd `kg
maltragga. Lkggd rkgcocalk cg sdmrdekl- ta `kggd maliksscalk
odrdltcsmk g–dmmkssa dc sarvkogcdltc (cg maepcta `kg tkgksmrkkl æ
stdta svagta `dg pugpcta k `dg maliksscaldgk).
Rkr ogc djctdltc `kgg–Amkdlcd gd strkttd æ latkvagk8 g–cedoa `kg
Irdtkgga Edo- ocark sc travd qudsc cl aolc pasta, dmmaepdoldtd `d
ula spcrcta dldgaoa dggd prk- sklzd `kgg–drtk sdmrd lkogc spdzc
pujjgcmc. Gd `ceklscalk rkgcocasd `c quksta rko c- ek, lkggd iared
dppdrkltk dmaliksscaldgk, æ tkstcealcdtd lkc `uk eclutc `–a`ca cl
dpkrturd `kg raedlza `d uld `alld mfk mfcded mal tala kvdlokgcma cg
Jco Jra- tfkr «eca sdgvdtark (ey sdvcaur)¾, gd qudgk sklzd
cl`uocdrk pac sc rdmmaogck cl prk- ofckrd («… kggd ldsmask cg sua
vagta trd gk edlc. Krd pdgksk mfk stkssk prkodl`a¾).
@kola `c eklzcalk clagtrk mfk, dg tkreclk `c `kttd gcturocd
maggkocdgk, sk- oucssk uld prdtcmd `c jrkvk mdlta lkgg–djjdl`ala
asdlldltk dg Jco Jratfkr (k sc sd mfk cg mdlta æ eaeklta
`kgg–kskrmczca `c prkofckrd mdttagcma). [l ugtkrcark dspktta
rkstctucsmk qukgg–ktfas maeulctdrca cepraltdta d uld rkgcocasctâ
diiclk d qukggd mrc- stcdld8 ogc cl`cvc`uc cltkr sk sc dppkggdla
oklkrcmdekltk «maerd`k¾. G–ktceagaocd `c quksta tkreclk cl`cmd mfc
mal`cvc`k uld stdlzd, cg maepdola `c mdekrd, cg mdekrdtd. Rkrú
g–utcgczza mfk sk lk id cl 4360 lal fd magarcturd pagctcmd.
Magara mfk mal`cvc`ala gd praprcd stdlzd `d jdejclc (dggd muc
strkoud vkl- oala trdttdtc c mcttd`clc `c Amkdlcd, k cl qudgk ea`a
Ndlt ” mfk maclmc`klzd vuagk sc mfcdedssk Ceedlukg
” vk`kvd rc`attc ogc uaeclc prced `kgg–Cggueclcsea) sala c
irdtkggc8 pkrtdlta ” dsmagtdl`a cg pdrkrk `c _cttoklstkcl
skmal`a muc cg scolcicmdta `c uld pdragd æ cliguklzdta `dg sua usa
” skejrd pcó dppraprcdta trd`urrk «maerd- `k¾ irdtkgga a
sarkggd d skmal`d `kc mdsc. ]ciidttc dppkggdtcvc kvdlokgcmc sala t
c- pcmc `c rdooruppdekltc mrcstcdlc, k lal staldla cl uld samcktâ
mal ul «eclcstkra `kgg–deark¾, k ul «Irdtkgga Edoocark¾ dggd sud
ouc`d.
Maggdltk `kggd psku`airdtkggdlzd amkdlcdld æ g–c`kagaocd d`attdtd
`dggd `c t- tdturd8 g–«Closam¾, cg samcdgcsea clogksk («Klogcsf
]amcdgcse¾)> lkggd `klaecld- zcalk `kggd «luavd gcloud
(lkwspkdn)¾, gd qudgk æ ula `kc pcgdstrc `kggd odjjcd `avk jgammdrk
gd gcjkrd mrctcmd. D icdlma `c quksta praoktta `c smrkedturd
malmkttu- dgk k skedltcmd ” `crktta d cldrc`crk g–arczzaltk
`kggd maeprklscalk k gd idmagtâ `c rdocaldrk (jkl cggustrdta `dg
icgagaoa ]yek d _clstal lkg mdp. Y `kggd pdrtk C) ” sc maggamd
dgtrd ekta`agaocd8 Arwkgg gc mfcded clsckek «c sdmrc prclmcpc
`kgg–Closam (tfk sdmrk` prclmcpgks ai Closam)¾.
Mdrusa
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tkepardlkctâ `kogc appastc `ktkrecld ul pklsckra dltclaecma. Arwkgg
spckod d mfcdrk gkttkrk quksta pklsdrk-pkr-dltclaeck8 «]dpkrk k lal
sdpkrk. Ksskrk malvcltc `kggd maepgktd vkrc`cmctâ ekltrk sc `cmala
eklzaolk mastructk d` drtk, sastklkrk cl edlckrd sceugtdlkd `uk
apclcalc mfk sc sala dlluggdtk, sdpkl`agk maltrd``ctta- rck k
mrk`kl`a cl kltrdejk `c gara, usdrk gd gaocmd d svdltdooca `kggd
gaocmd, rcpu- `cdrk gd eardgctâ ekltrk sc palk uld rcvkl`cmdzcalk d
kssd, mrk`krk mfk gd `kea- mrdzcd krd cepasscjcgk k mfk cg Rdrtcta
krd cg oudr`cdla `kggd `keamrdzcd, `cekltc- mdrk qudgulquk masd krd
lkmkssdrca `cekltcmdrk, pac rcpartdrgd `c luava dggd ek- earcd
qudl`a mk lk iassk jcsaola, qucl`c praltdekltk `cekltcmdrgd dlmard
uld vagtd8 k saprdttutta, dppgcmdrk ul uoudgk pramkssa dg pramkssa
ek`kscea. Cg mfk krd g–ugtced sattcogckzzd8 cl ea`a malsdpkvagk
cl`urrk g–clmalsdpkvagkzzd, k pac, `c luava, `cvklcrk
clmalsdpkvagc `kgg–dtta `c cplasc mfk fdc dppkld maepcuta. Dlmfk
mdpcrk gd pdragd `aujgktfcln maclvagokvd g–utcgczza `kg
`aujgktfcln¾. Gk vcmkl`k `kg Mrcstcdlkscea k gd sud prk`cmdzcalk
`attrcldrcd fdlla rcigkttuta mcú. Lkg Mdtta- gcmkscea pkr kskepca
cg purodtarca æ stdta cepasta cl uld skmal`d idsk, ed æ maek sk mc
iassk ocâ stdta (vcmkvkrsd cg gceja d`kssa æ stdta djagcta). C
`aoec d vagtk fdl- la diikredta tksc cl maltrdsta mal smcklzd k
gaocmctâ (pkr `crlk dgmulk8 gd ldsmctd vkrocldgk `c Oksó, a gd
Prclctâ lkggd qudgk trk Rkrsalk `cstcltk sala ul saga saookt- ta),
tuttdvcd rctklutk vkrk dmmdlta d uld pdrdggkgd laredgctâ `c skola
appasta.
Gd mfcusurd `kggd Mfcksd dggk smcklzk (dstralaecd, ek`cmcld, ktm.),
gk vamd- zcalc ecsaocld k dltcskectd, sala vcd vcd smaepdrsk, dggd
edlckrd `kgg–Amkdlcd cl muc cg Jco Jratfkr fd prackttdta d rctrasa
gd praprcd ceedoclk c`kdgk ktkrld suggd smkld svuatdtd `kggd
starcd8 «sk tuttc ogc dgtrc dmmkttdvdla gd eklzaold mfk cg Rdrtcta
ce- palkvd ” sk aolc `amueklta rdmmaltdvd g–c`kltcmd masd
” dggard gd eklzaold ds- suekvd gd `colctâ `c starcd k
`cvklcvd vkrctâ. Mfc maltraggd cg pdssdta, rkmctdvd cg eatta `kg
Rdrtcta, maltraggd cg iutura8 mfc maltraggd cg prkskltk maltraggd
cg pdssd- ta¾. Rdrgdl`a `kggd Mfcksd, cg oklkrk `c droaekltc
clmgu`kltc gd idgsd `aldzcalk `c Mastdltcla (prced lal m–krd, `apa
m–æ stdtd, cliclk æ maek sk lal iassk edc std- td rcvkl`cmdtd) k cg
praordeedtcma dllcmfcgceklta d smdpcta `kg masea dgtkrldtcva (tkstc
dpamrcic, pravk maepraekttkltc, mugtc `cvkrsc, ktm.) sc dooculoala
dg tkltdtcva `c eclceczzdrk c masc``kttc krrarc uedlc `kggk
pama kvdlokgcmfk pkrskmuzcalc, kvkl- tc tuttc `kstcldtc d ksskrk
diial`dtc lkgg–ajgca.
Maeulquk, cg `aujgktfcln sc `ceastrd ul la-tfcln8 ul
lal-pklsdrk-diidtta, d muc, pcó a ekla malsmc, cl`cvc`uc maeulc
fdlla sdmrcicmdta g–dutalaecd `c uld rdocalk k `c uld eardgk mfk
@ca fd `dta dogc uaeclc pkr ekzza `kg gaoas, cg qudgk gc ulcsmk cl
uld rkdgk irdtkggdlzd ulcvkrsdgk.
Mdrusa
?
`d Fdlldf Drkl`t, k sc `kord`d d qukstd spkmck `c arwkggcdla fdr`
`csn iaredttd- jcgk d maedl`a, cl vcrtó `kg vcrus `kg tfauoftmrcek
dllc`dta lkg jaat, pkrmfã edlmd ul kiicmdmk dltcvcrus. Rkrú qukstd
lal æ gd sartk `c _clstal. Jklmfã c pkr- saldgc rcmar`c `kogc
Amkdlcdlc lal scdla ulcvamc lã kscstdla struekltc `c vkrcicmd, cl
guc ” cg muc cltkggktta lal æ cl tata vcttced `kg pklsckra
dltclaecma ” diicardla vcscalc `ciiarec `dgg–ugtced vugodtd
rcvk`utd k marrkttd8 Kstdscd k Amkdlcd, gkodtk `d ul–dggkdlzd,
maejdttkvdla maltra g–Kurdscd, ed kogc rdeekltdvd mfk lal krd stdta
`c maltclua masç8 «[iicmcdgekltk cg mdejca `c dggkdtc lal krd edc
dvvkluta. G–Amkdlcd krd cl oukrrd mal g–Kurdscd8 qucl`c g–Amkdlcd
krd stdtd cl oukrrd mal g–Kurdscd sklzd cltkrruzcalk. Cg lkecma `kg
eaeklta rdpprkskltdvd skeprk cg edgk dssaguta, k malskouklzd `c mcú
krd mfk qudgscdsc dmmar`a pdssdta a iutura mal guc krd
cepasscjcgk¾. Cg su``ktta maligctta mal ul dvvkrsdrca kstkrla æ
pdrdoaldjcgk dggk Mramcdtk ek`ckvdgc. ]u uld idmmcdtd `kg eclcstkra
`kggd vkrctâ amkdlcdla sala rcpartdtk smrcttc trk `aoec jdscgdrc `c
qukg scstked cggcjkrdgk rkspalsdjcgk «`c ordl`c purofk (orkdt
puroks)¾ cltkrlk8 GD O[KZZD Æ RDMK / GD GCJKZPÂ Æ ]MFCD- YCPÓ /
G–COLAZDLXD θ IAZXD. Dppdrk kvc`kltk g–cltced maltrd``czcalk `c
mcdsmula, vdlcicmdtd `dg `aujgktfcln. Pdgk `cdgkttcmd stkrcgk, dg
maltrdrca `c qukggd fkokgcdld, lal pkrekttk `c supkrdrk cg
maltrdsta8 sc cepdltdld cl uld rcprapasc- zcalk cltkggkttudgk `kg
lcmfcgcsea oarocdla ial`dta su dltclaeck lkodtcvk rcoudr- `dltc
g–al k cg ek al.
Rkr ul djctdtark `kgg–Amkdlcd gd malasmklzd `kogc kvkltc pramk`k
`dg gkook- rk cl prcecs gd smrctturd lkggd ekearcd cl`cvc`udgk,
kekl`djcgk idmkl`a tdjugd rd- sd, d murd `kg Irdtkgga Edoocark, cg
qudgk, sug ea`kgga `kc `ciklsarc `kgg–clkrrdlzd jcjgcmd, sc krok
dgtrksç d odrdltk `kgg–clkrrdlzd `kggk mraldmfk (d pdrtcrk `d
qukggk smrcttk8 gk patklzcdgc prcek, k lal gk ulcmfk mask, marrkttk
pdssdl`a `dg rcepcdzza `cscltkordtark `kggk vkmmfck vkrscalc k `d
uld ecluzcasd apkrd okstctd `dg `cmdstk- ra `kggd vkrctâ> ul
skttark prkssa muc gdvard cg `csclmdltdta _clstal).
Gd «oukrrd¾ mfk sc id «pdmk¾ (ul cggaocma sc vcs pdmke pdrd jkggue)
kvamd ul pdca `c jrdlc `kc Ydlokgc ” c qudgc gdsmcdla
pkrpgkssc= ” `avk Oksó ksmgded8 «Lal pklsdtk mfk ca scd
vkluta d ekttkr pdmk suggd tkrrd> lal sala vkluta d ekttkr pdmk
jklsç spd`d (Et 42,=0)¾> «Yac pklsdtk mfk ca scd vkluta d partdr
pdmk suggd tkrrd1 La, vc `cma, ed pcuttasta `cvcscalk (Gm
4:,;4)¾.
Dg `c gâ `kgg–kskoksc `c kssc, gd Mfcksd mdttagcmd lal fd edltkluta
uld pkrikt- td mal`attd kvdlokgcmd `dvdltc d kvklcklzk `c
jkggcokrdlzd k `c malqucstd pagctcmd8 agtrk dggk Mramcdtk, lal
vdlla ” ird g–dgtra ” trdsmurdtk gk dzcalc ecgctdrc cl
prced pkrsald `kgga ]tdta paltcicmca. Gd «gcjkrtâ¾ trdsiaredltksc
cl «smfcdvctó¾ rcmar`d cg
Mdrusa
6
`csmarsa `kg ordl`k clqucsctark `c @astakvsnch ” lk C irdtkggc
Ndrdedzav ” dg- garmfã mastuc rcmalasmk ekrcta `kg
Mdttagcmkscea g–dvkr saggkvdta ogc uaeclc `dg pk- sa `kggd
rkspalsdjcgctâ `kg edgk, dg masta pkrú `kggd gara gcjkrtâ8 cg
rcsmdtta ” gd lua- vd gcjkrtâ ” `d quksta
cltaggkrdjcgk stdtus ksmk `ulquk `dgg–dsskrvceklta d mfc passd
dssagvkrga `dc pkmmdtc. Gd Mfcksd fd cg patkrk `c trdsikrcrk c
maltklutc rcpravkvagc `kgg–dlced cl dssagutarc `cpcltc `c @arcdl
Ordy, c qudgc sc cejruttcsmala galtdla `dc praprcktdrc8 cg euska
mfk kspalk c qud`rc æ `klaecldta ]dtdld (g–dstrdzcalk mueu- gdtcvd
`kggk scloagk magpk). Ogc Amkdlcdlc vcvala ul pdrc `kstcla
rcpkrmarrkl`a `kt- td idgsdrcod8 lkggd gara quatc`cdlctâ gdcmd,
spaogcd `c ul malmgdedta djcta rkgcocasa c pcó, c ek`camrc, c
pkoocarc, pkrsc c `crcttc ial`dekltdgc `kg mcttd`cla, attkloala gc-
mklzd `dgg–cepkola samcdgk pkr mkrmdrk `c ecogcardrk cg
eal`a.
Maek lkggd `cdgkttcmd `c Fkokg trd scolark k skrva, gd pdurd
sujar`cld ma- stara d mfc sc edlcikstd supkrcark, d mfc fd
rcsmfcdta k lal fd tkeuta. Rurtrappa cg `aujgk tfcln lal `â d`cta d
uld skoukltk idsk, mascmmfã gd vuatkzzd lkggd qudgk rcedlk
g–uaea-mfk-sc-rdsskold-dg-pklsdrk-pkr-dltclaeck æ gd sastdlzd `kggd
sud «colardlzd¾. Tukstd æ gd «iarzd¾ `kggd sud sdgvkzzd, gd «iarzd¾
su muc sc puú jdsdrk cg maltragga ” cl`kjcta ” `c ul
malsarzca mcvcma (g–colardlzd prkstd cg icdlma d qudg- scdsc
appcdmka praskgctcsea). Mal clokluctâ, _clstal (malsdpkvagk
lalastdltk tut- ta mfk sc trdttd `c mastrucrk ul pdssdta crrkdgk) k
c suac maggkofc `kg eclcstkra dmmag- oala gk `crkttcvk `c kekl`drk,
ar`clc sdpckltkekltk prkskltdtc cl vkstk `c lal rc- gkvdltc
`cspasczcalc marrkttcvk. Lkg mdp. CY `kggd pdrtk C `c 4360 gd
skepgcmctâ mal gd qudgk cg pratdoalcstd arwkggcdla clvkltd gd
mkgkjrdtcvd jcaordicd `kgga smaepdrsa «irdtkgga Aocgvy¾ pdrk
spkmugdrk d mkrtd gkttkrdturd docaordicmd mdttagcmd, dmmagtd lkc
skmagc `dggd mrk`ugctâ papagdrk, mfk fd rdmmaltdta idttc k ecrdmagc
`ciicmcgekltk vkrc- icmdjcgc (sc vk`dla d` kskepca gk vcmkl`k `c
sdltd _clcirk` a `c sdl Ocaroca).
]mrcvk clagtrk Arwkgg8 «Tudlta krd rcmfcksta cl ul ekejra `kg
Rdrtcta krd ul ea`a `c vk`krk scecgk d qukgga `c ul dltcma kjrka cg
qudgk sdpkvd, sklzd mala- smkrk eagta dgtra, mfk tuttk gk dgtrk
ldzcalc `ciikrkltc `dggd sud d`ardvdla idgsc `kc. Lal dvkvd jcsaola
`c sdpkrk mfk qukstc `kc krdla mfcdedtc Jddg, Ascrc`k, Eagamf,
Dstdrtk, ktm. Rrajdjcgekltk ekla lk malasmkvd su `c gara ekogca krd
pkr gd sud arta`asscd¾. ]ciidtta æ ga struekltdgk cligussa
`kgg–colardlzd dlmfk d gcvkggc lal jdssc8 ga stu`ca k gd mugturd
vkloala `kealczzdtc. Lkg scstked amkdlcdla «ul ekejra `kg Rdrtcta,
d muc krd mfcksta ul ocu`czca ktcma a pagctcma `avrkjjk ksskrk
mdpdmk `c sputdrk apclcalc arta`assk d oucsd `c uld
ectrdogcdtrcmk¾.
Mdrusa
3
pklsdltk ” cg lal ksskrk lkmkssdrca pklsdrk ^lat tfclnclo
” lat lkk`clo ta tfcln> l.`.r.U. Arta`asscd æ
clmalsdpkvagkzzd ^Artfa`axy cs ulmasmcaulkss> l.`.r.U¾. Cl
ammdscalk `kgg–kltrdtd suggd smkld `kg raedlza (dg prclmcpca `kg
mdp. Y `kggd pdrtk C) `c tdgk icgagaoa ” ula mfk «a`cdvd ogc
krktcmc (fk fdtk` fkrktcms)¾ ” Arwkgg id la- tdrk uld masd
qudl`a mastuc clmaltrd _clstal8 «M–krd cg sua decma ^irckl`>
l.`.r.U ]yek, cg qudgk gdvardvd dg Zkpdrta `c rcmkrmd ^`kg
`cmdstkra `kggd vkrctâ> l.`.r.U. Iar- sk decma lal krd praprca
gd pdragd ocustd. Pu lal dvkvc dg ocarla `–aooc decmc ^irckl`s>
l.`.r.U, dvkvc irdtkggc ^maerd`ks> l.`.r.U¾.
[gtkrcarc jrdlc tkstcealcdla mfk cg ea`us vcvkl`c d muc sc ecrd æ
cepraltdta d ula spcrcta gdcma `c asskrvdlzd ic`kcsctcmd prktksa
`dgg–Closam. Cg idtta mfk «sc spk- rdvd `c idr usmcrk c `csmarsc
`dggd gdrclok lal maclvagokl`a c mkltrc mkrkjrdgc pcó dgtc¾ fd
marrcspkttcva kxkepgue mdttagcma lkggd rkmctd elkealcmd `c
prkofckrk8 icla dg 4393 gd Mfcksd mkgkjrú c suac rctc cl gdtcla, cg
qudgk lal krd dggd partdtd `c aolula (lal sc `cekltcmfc `–dgtra
mdlta mfk gd trd`uzcalk `kggk ]dmrk smrctturk `dgg–kjrdcma k `dg
orkma dltcma iu uld vagturd lkg lkwspkdn gdtcla, k pac mfk
g–kvkltudgctâ `c tklk- rk cl uld mdsd maeulk uld Jcjjcd `d gkookrk
`d sagc iu pkr guloa tkepa prkammu- pdltk). Cg tksta arwkggcdla
aiirk purk ul rcmfcdea dg malmktta `c jgdsikecd8 «Krd ld-
turdgekltk passcjcgk `crk krksck (fkrkscks) `c ul oklkrk dssdc
mru`a, `kggk spkmck `c jkstkeecd (jgdspfkey)… C`kk astcgc
dgg–CLO]AM patkvdla maogckrsc sagtdlta cl uld vdod iared prcvd `c
prkmcsk pdragk marrcspal`kltc, k patkvdla ulcmdekltk ks- skrk
cl`cmdtk dttrdvkrsa tkreclc eagta oklkrcmc c qudgc rculcvdla k
mal`dlldvdla cltkrc oruppc `c krksck (fkrkscks) lal `kiclkl`agk lkg
idr mcú¾.
[ld pramk`urd mastruttcvd `kg lkwspkdn id rcmarsa dggd icgasaicd
ek`ckvdgk, gd sc rcgkvd kspgcmctd lkgg–dppkl`cmk `c 4360 doocultd
`d Arwkgg. Zcoudr`d cg rd- saca `c Amnfde, quc dppgcmdta dggd
gcloud k dggd skedscagaocd8 «gd rc`uzcalk `kg vamdjagdrca krd
malsc`krdtd ul iclk cl sã, k d lkssuld pdragd `c muc sc patrkjjk
idrk d ekla krd malmkssa saprdvvcvkrk¾.
G–drkd `–cltkrvklta `kggd rkprksscalk pscmfcmd mal`attd `dggd
`crcoklzd amk- dlcdld dggdrodl`asc dgg–dejcta skssudgk eastrd
clkqucvamdjcgc luavk tdloklzk mal `attrclk mdttagcmfk. Rkr gk
`allk, cl spkmck qukggk `kg Rdrtcta, praiuedrsc k trummdrsc sala
dttc cl`kmarasc k `cs`cmkvagc (ocâ Pkrtuggcdla rcigkttkvd
dltcikeeclcsea pdagcla lkg sua @k mugtu ikecldrue).
Mdrusa
42
ealdstcma sc praspkttdvd ul doastclcdla
sdmrdeklta malcuodgk8 «G–ulcma smapa rcmala- smcuta `kg
edtrcealca krd oklkrdrk jdejclc pkr cg Rdrtcta. Cg malorkssa
mdrldgk krd `d rctklkrsc `c skmal`drcd cepartdlzd ul pama
lduskdltk¾.
Gd skssuaiajcd `kgg–Closam æ diiclk d qukggd mdttagcmd8
«G–ajckttcva `kg Rdrtcta lal krd sagtdlta prkvklcrk gd mastctuzcalk
`c uld ik`kgtâ `c mappcd mfk lal æ idmcgk maltraggdrk ^pkr gd
tkagaocd eclcstrc `kg sdmrdeklta edtrcealcdgk sala ogc spasc lal cg
sdmkr`atk> l.`.r.U. Cg sua rkdgk lal `cmfcdrdta prapascta krd
rceuavkrk tutta cg pcdmkrk `kgg–dmtus makul`c. Rcó `kgg–deark cg
lkecma krd g–kratcsea, `kltra k iuarc `kggd vctd malcuodgk… Cg
Rdrtcta stdvd tkltdl`a `c ummc`krk g–cstclta skssudgk ^`k- eagcrk
g–K] d idvark `c qukg ][RKZ KOA rdpprkskltdta `dg Irdtkgga
Edoocark, ul supkr jratfkr > l.`.rU, a sk lal patkssk
idrga, dggard `cstarmkrga k sparmdrga… Cg mactus, maepcuta mal
summkssa, krd rcjkggcalk. Cg `ksc`krca krd tfauoftmrcek¾.
Zctarld gd ecldmmcd `kg pkmmdta> gd malmupcsmklzd
skssudgk æ ul tcpa `c tfau- oftmrcek8 gd eugckr , tatd cl
utkra, puú scejagkoocdrk ul clvcdta sdtdlcma mfk gcjkrd gd gcjc`a
maeprkssd, k `c malskouklzd svkgd dgg–uaea gd `upgcmk sidmmkttdturd
`c sã (cltkggkttudgk k icscagaocmd). ]kjjklk cg ekrktrcmca cl
Amkdlcd scd ul–dttcvctâ cggkmctd, æ iurtcvdekltk deecsscjcgk lkggd
ecsurd cl muc dggkookrcsmd gd mdrcmd gcjc`cmd (lal m–æ stdtd uld
gkook Ekrgcl gd qudgk fd mfcusa c jar`kggc `kgga ]tdta
paltcicmca). Gd praecsmuctâ ird uaeclc k `allk `kg Rdrtcta æ
mal`dlldtd, dg pdrc `kg `cvarzca (mal g–kmmkzcalk `kgg–ulcalk
edtrcealcdgk sklzd pragk). G–ktcmd cl edtkrcd pkr ul ed- smfca
amkdlcdla, saprdttutta sk ul `crcokltk pagctcma, æ eagta
doastclcdld8 «Gd sud vctd skssudgk… krd pkr cltkra rkoagdtd `d `uk
pdragk `kg lkwspkdn ]KVMZCEK (ceeardgctâ skssudgk) k OAA@]KV
(mdstctâ). Cg malmktta `c ]KVMZCEK maprcvd aolc ecsidtta skssudgk.
Maprcvd gd iarlcmdzcalk, g–d`ugtkrca, g–aeaskssudgctâ, k gk dgtrk
pkrvkrscalc, k cl doocultd gd laredgk mapugd mdrldgk prdtcmdtd maek
iclk cl sã. Lal m–krd jcsaola `c kluekrdrgc skpdrdtdekltk, pacmfã
aolula krd dgga stkssa ea`a mdusd `c magpkvagkzzd, k, pkr prclmcpca
tuttc pulcjcgc mal gd eartk… Guc sdpkvd qudlta sc vagkvd klulmcdrk
mal OAA@]KV ” cg mfk æ `crk, laredgc rdppartc skssudgc trd
uaea k eaogck, pkr g–ksmguscva smapa `c oklkrdrk jdejclc, k sklzd
pcdmkrk icsc- ma `d pdrtk `kggd `alld ^gd ircoc`ctâ æ uld vcrtó>
l.`.r.U8 tutta cg rksta krd ]KVMZC- EK¾. Ed mkrmdrk `c sapprcekrk
gd gcjc`a partd saga d uld sud `kvcdzcalk8 ldturde kxpkggds iurmd,
tdekl usquk rkmurrkt.
Mcú gd malvkrtk cl doorksscvctâ, gd qudgk æ cl`crczzdtd vkrsa ogc
dvvkrsdrc cl- tkrlc k lal `kgg–Amkdlcd k `kggd Mfcksd. Kltrdejk
sala `–dmmar`a suc e cogcarc ruagc ikeeclcgc8 gd sdltd k
g–dskssudtd, gd ed`rk.
Mdrusa
44
mksscva mdp. YCCC «uld vkrctâ ecstcmd (d eystcmdg trutf)¾ k «ul
dtta `c ik`k (dl dmt ai idctf)¾, sd `c pdupkrcsea krktcma ek`ckvdgk
(cl muc rcsmfcú `c iclcrk clmgusa cg irdl- mksmdlkscea) ecsta d
edrxcsea (sdl Irdlmksma `–Dsscsc iu ul mdttagcma Edrx dl- tk
gcttkrde). G–Closam `kealczzd cg mdpctdgcsea dssarta d ektdiard `c
gcjkrtâ, lal pkr vcd `kc suac `cikttc (d prapascta `c
dltcmdpctdgcsea k Ydlokga sc rcmar`c gd `ciic- magtâ pkr ul rcmma
`c kltrdrk lkg rkola `kc mckgc). Tudl`a Arwkgg pdgksd gk
ceprksscalc `kg sua pratdoalcstd dsskrkl`a mfk «c pragks, sk
sagdekltk patksskra cl qudgmfk edlckrd `cvklcrk masmckltc `kggd
gara iarzd ^strklotf> l.`.r.U, lal dvrkjjkra jcsa- ola `c
maspcrdrk¾, sc puú ksskrk sujcta cl`attc d vk`krk cl qukstc jrdlc
uld kma edrxcstd, patrkeea pkrú dlmfk gkookrgc mal g–attcmd `c ul
krktcma kvdlokgcma, cg qudgk dspcrd d mfk c skepgcmc k ogc uecgc
scdla cl ord`a `c maogckrk gd `crkttd prkskl- zd `c @ca dg `c gâ
`kgg–clvd`kltk ek`cdzcalk `kggd Mfcksd ordzck
dggd iarzd `dtd `dgga ]pc- rcta ]dlta cl uld luavd
Rkltkmastk gcjkrdtrcmk `dogc astdmagc k `dc vclmagc c qudgc
gcectdla dggd rcskrvdtkzzd (cl clogksk sc puú `crk Oa` cs aur
strklotf).
@kttc pragks sala ul–dlaedgcd dggd `attrcld `aecldltk k sc travdla
dc edr- oclc8 «Cl aolc prajgked `c prclmcpc eardgc ogc sc gdsmcdvd
skoucrk cg ma`cmk dvcta. Cg purctdlkscea skssudgk `kg Rdrtcta lal
krd ul ajjgcoa pkr gara. Gd praecsmuctâ lal dl`dvd pulctd, cg
`cvarzca krd malskltcta¾. Cg eatcva æ mfk mastara sala kqucpdrdtc
dogc dlcedgc8 «c pragks k gk jkstck sala gcjkrc¾. ]yek dvkvd
diikredta8 «C pragks lal sala ksskrc uedlc¾.
Mal rdocaldeklta drcstatkgcma sc mfcdrcsmk mfk «c pragks krdla
clikrcarc pkr ldturd, krdla `d sattaekttkrsc, d oucsd `kogc
dlcedgc, ek`cdltk g–dppgcmdzcalk `c dgmulk skepgcmc rkoagk¾. Putta
quksta droaekltdrk dttcrd g–dldgcsc maepdrdtd su vkmmfck tkarck
mdttagcmfk pkr muc c lal mrcstcdlc patrkjjkra ksskrk clikrcarc k
lal passk`krk ul–dlced ceeartdgk (klulmkrâ A–Jrckl8 «G–uedlctâ æ cg
Rdrtcta. C rk- stdltc sala stdmmdtc `d kssd ” kstrdlkc¾).
Rkrmcú maek ul cl`cokla prkmagaejcdla ” a dgtra ” lal
krd `kola `c jdttkscea k` krd taggkrdta ummc`krga cl qudlta jkstcd,
ma- sç c pragks amkdlcdlc lal vkloala rkputdtc mdpdmc `c patkr
dpprkl`krk cg `aujgk- tfcln k cg lkwspkdn, lã tdlta ekla `c
d`koudrsc dgg–ktcmd `kgg–Closam k dg sua mrk`a. Pdgk skrck `c
`csdjcgctâ sc sdrkjjk patutd rctarmkrk maltra8 «Lal krd dggkttdltk
g–c`kd mfk c pragks `avksskra dvkrk iartc skltcekltc pagctcmc.
Tukgga mfk ogc sc mfck`kvd krd ul pdtrcattcsea prcectcva¾.
Æ maek diikredrk lkg pdrdggkga rkgcocasa mfk mc sc dspkttdvd `d
gara mfk dl- `dsskra sagtdlta dggk pramksscalc pkrmfã kltrdl`a
lkggd maeulctâ `kc ik`kgc pa- trkjjkra `kstdjcgczzdrgd k
maltdecldrgd mal asskquca a `cssklsa lal arta`assc, ki- ikttc
maggdtkrdgc `c ul–dlcedgksmd colardlzd mfk lal sc prkstd
dgg–cejrcogcdeklta k id rkdocrk `–cstclta cl ea`a scecgk d uld
jkstcd.
Mdrusa
4:
edgc ul c`kdgcsea lcmfcgcstcma cl jdsk d muc «lal saga gd vdgc`ctâ
`kgg–kspkrcklzd, jklsç gd vkrd k praprcd kscstklzd `c uld rkdgtâ
kstkrcark, krd tdmctdekltk lkodtd `dg- gd gara icgasaicd. G–krkscd
`kggk krksck krd cg sklsa maeulk¾. ]c malstdtd g–urta ird uld
pasczcalk gamncdld k uld jkrnkgkcdld uiicmcdgk lal mal`cvcsd `dg
pratdoalcstd `c 4360. Dggarmfã dgg–clczca `kg mdp. C `kggd pdrtk CC
_clstal dcutd d rcekttkrsc cl pck`c Ocugcd md`utd (tutt–k `uk
gdvardla dg eclcstkra `kggd vkrctâ8 guc dg r kpdrta `k- ogc
drmfcvc, gkc d qukgga `kggd icmtcal gkttkrdrcd), qudltulquk
mrk`kssk mfk kggd ga stkssk spcdl`a pkr malskoldrga dggd tfauoft
pagcmk, docsmk skmal`a cg pcó oklucla prclmcpca kvdlokgcma `c dedrk
c praprc lkecmc.
Lkc pultc cl muc cg raedlza `c Arwkgg maltrdppalk gd samcktâ
`kgg–Amkdlcd dggk savrdstrutturk samcdgc `kg mdpctdgcsea (lal
ugtced gd mgkrcmdgk), gd iared `c mcú ” cl iulzcalk `c quksta
mdeecla maepdrdtcva ” vd vcstd lkg maligctta trd gd mcvcgtâ
mrcstcdld ek`ckvdgk k g–ulcvkrsa orkma-raedla> cg Ek`ca Kva
mctdta `c siuooctd lkg tksta æ `ktta «vdoa pkrca`a (`ce
pkrca`)¾.
Mdrusa
4=
tcogcdrk ul patkltk cstclta k usdrga maek uld iarzd `c ouc`d1
G–cepugsa skssudgk krd pkrcmagasa pkr cg Rdrtcta, k cg Rdrtcta lk
dvkvd trdtta vdltdooca¾.
Pdgc droaekltc dltkpalkl`a uld vcscalk gcjkrdgk d uld dssagutcstcmd
cl mdepa samcapagctcma, trd`attc lkgg–dejcta rkgcocasa rcmfcdedla
dgtrksç gd `cdgkttcmd Mrcstcdlkscea/Rdodlkscea (lkg qudgk ugtcea
d``crctturd sc prdtcmdvd uld prastc- tuzcalk dg skrvczca `kggd
rkgcocalk8 uld malmkzcalk dogc dltcpa`c `kggd skssuaiajcd
mdttagcmd, mfk sc cepkolú d srd`cmdrk). Ocugcd k _clstal lal sala
pdrdoaldjcgc d uld prastctutd k d ul mgckltk, tutt–dgtra> lkggd
gara starcd skltcekltdgk sc dltcmcpd cl- vkmk gd tkarcd edrmuscdld
suggd rkprksscalk d``czcaldgk `kggd gcjc`a, vagtd ”
agtrk cg irku`cdla lkmkssdrca ” dg malsagc`deklta cl Ammc`kltk `c
ul cggcjkrdgk kstdjgcsfeklt (`kiclcta prclmcpca `c
prkstdzcalk), tkarcd kspastd cl Kras k mcvcgtâ (43;;). Rurk pkr
Edrmusk dmmd`k cl quksta pramkssa uld `kvcdzcalk gcjc`cmd
iulzcaldgk d ecrk (pra`uttcvk) dgckldltc (k dgckldtc sala c
maepalkltc amkdlcdlc `kg Rdrtcta, kspra- prcdtc lkggd gara pscmfk
satta aolc praicga)8 dgg–kstkrla `kgg–kskrmczca ” lkg gcvkgga
uedla ecogcark ” `kgg–cltkggcoklzd k `kggd malsdpkvagkzzd lal
mc puú ksskrk ikgcm c- tâ mfk lal scd ul cggusarca surraodta8
«G–c`kagaocd `kg Rdrtcta sc cepalkvd mal eagta summkssa su okltk
clmdpdmk `c maeprkl`krgd, gd qudgk sdrkjjk stdtd cl ord`a `c
dmmkttdrk gk pcó igdordltc vcagdzcalc `kgg–ajckttcvctâ rkdgk
ocdmmfã edc diikrrdvd dppckla gd eastruasctâ `c qudlta ogc krd
mfcksta¾. _clstal k Ocugcd ” «uld rcjkggk sagtdlta `dggd
mcltagd cl ocó¾ gk `cmk guc ” kspkrcsmala uld vcd `c iuod
dg prclmcpca `c
prkstdzcalk (k dggd sud maggkodtd rkprksscalk
d``czcaldgk)8 uld gcjc`a gcjkrdtd gc trd- siared cl savvkrscvc
pacmfã sc svclmagdla `dggd mdusd `kvcdltk (gd rkprksscalk
d``c- zcaldgk) k `dggd mdusd dgckldltk (cg prclmcpca `c
prkstdzcalk)> uld sujgcedzcalk d`koud- td oklkrd jklksskrk, mfk
ogajdgczzkrkjjk cg pcdmkrk lkggk suk sidmmkttdturk kstkrcarc
mallkssk dggd vctd. G–c`kagaocd kstdscdtcmd okekggd `kgg–Closam æ
gd «tdldtagdtrcd (@kdtf-_arsfcp)¾ a «kstclzcalk `kgg–ca
(Ajgctkrdtcal ai tfk ]kgi)¾8 lkgg–attcmd edr- muscdld gd pugscalk
dltctktcmd dg pcdmkrk vcklk ocu`cmdtd uld eartcicmdzcalk, uld
smalicttd `kgg–kras mfk rcpckod dggd vagtd `kggd `cstruzcalk
(mal`attk sd`cmfk k e d- samfcstk lal sala edlmdtk trd c pkrsaldooc
mdttagcmc). ]aecogcdltk dg jkgga ndltcd- la, gd gcjc`a parrkjjk
drealcd ird ogc uaeclc k cg eal`a. θ quksta ul ekssdooca
pravklckltk `dggd Orkmctâ pdodld rcprksa `d _clstal k Ocugcd c
qudgc diiraltdla gd ed`rk `c tuttc c tatdgctdrcsec ammc`kltdgc
rkclmdrldtdsc cl Amkdlcd, lkecmd `kggd mugturd ” pra`atta
gcjc`cma ” k `kgg–drealcasa svcguppa cl`cvc`udgk pratksa dggd
rcmkrmd `kggd ikgcmctâ. Lkggd Orkmcd dltcmd ga rctravcdea lkggd
pra`uzcalk drtcstcmd, lkggd ec- tagaocd pkrtclkltk k lkggd
icgasaicd (cg ]cepasca pgdtalcma k cg tcdsa sdiicma sala kxkepgd k
vkcmagc)> ula `kc gcectc `kggd mcvcgtâ kggklcmd iu sç gd
ecsaoclcd 0, tuttdvcd
Mdrusa
40
kjjk jdsc cl prkocu`czc d sial`a pk`doaocma lal cl lkvrasc
sastdlzcdtk cl rkgcoca- lk. Gd Mfcksd, `dg mdlta sua, kscokttk cg
mkgcjdta sdmkr`atdgk k cg vata `c mdstctâ `dggd qudsc tatdgctâ `kc
rkgcocasc clqud`rdtc, rkqucsctc rcmfckstc cl pamfc mdsc `dg
Rdodlksc- ea k mfk lal krdla `ulquk larek oklkrdgc. Rkr cg
Mdttagcmkscea sc `kvk rcedlkrk `kltra cg pkrcektra `c uld rcoarasd
maltclklzd, cggkocttced `apa dvkr supkrdta cg maliclk
`kgg–cldeecsscjcgk cggkmcta (pk`aicgcd, stuprc, ktm.) cg qudgk puú
dgcekltdrk maek `kprkmdjcgk kiiktta maggdtkrdgk> masç purk
prkssa ogc Amkdlcdlc «gd masd tkrrcjc- gk mfk cg Rdrtcta dvkvd
idtta krd `c pkrsud`krtc mfk c ekrc cepugsc, c ekrc skltcekltc
krdla sklzd cepartdlzd, ekltrk dgga stkssa tkepa tc prcvdvd `c
tutta cg patkrk sug eal`a edtkrcdgk¾.
Gd ed`rk `c _clstal lkggk `c guc rcigksscalc dg mdp. CC `kggd
skzcalk CC æ tkstc- ealcdlzd `c ul deark dodpcma (vdgark dg mkltra
`kggd eardgk mrcstcdld). @dvdltc dggd praspkttcvd `c md`krk cl
edla, mal Ocugcd, `kogc clqucsctarc `kgg–Closam, cg pra-
tdoalcstd edsmfcgk `c 4360 malmgu`k8 «]k `urdltk tu puac ]KLPCZK
mfk rcedlkrk uedlc æ masd `kold, dlmfk qudl`a mcú lal puú dvkrk ul
qudgmfk irutta, tu gc fdc magpctc¾. Cltdlta dg mdp. CV `kggd pdrtk
mkltrdgk `kg raedlza gd sctudzcalk jkggcmd kstkrld sc mdpavagok kx
djrupta `c luava8 Kurdscd lal pcó lkecmd ed dggkdtd, K- stdscd
vcmkvkrsd. Cg gdvdooca `kg mkrvkgga tclok ul–d`uldtd `c papaga d
Gal`rd, cl muc sc travdvd _clstal, `c orattksma8 `c pulta cl jcdlma
mfc pdrgdvd pkr malta `kg Rdrtcta, dvvcsdta cl sar`cld, maek luggd
iassk summkssa, clvkrtk gd pagdrctâ lkc pkr- saldooc k lkggk
vcmkl`k `kg sua `csmarsa, mascmmfã gd smklaordicd dltckuradscdtcmd
sc trdeutd pkr edocd `kg `aujgktfcln cl ul–dzcalk ar`ctd
`d rcjkggc, rceassd k djjdttutd `d uld eagtctu`clk cl jdgcd `kggd
saicstcmd.
Attkluta dttrdvkrsa A–Jrckl cg jaan `c Oag`klstkcl, _clstal lk
drrcvd d gko- okrk dgmulk pdrtc. Arwkgg id ksparrk lkggk pdoclk
rcpartdtk ul–cltkrkssdltk tkarcd sugga svcguppa starcma oklkrdgk
mfk trcpdrtcsmk cl`ciikrkltkekltk aolc maltksta sa- mcapagctcma
lkggk mdtkoarck `kogc Dgtc, `kc Ek`c k `kc Jdssc. Cg prcea oruppa æ
mastc- tucta `dc `ktkltarc `kg oavkrla> cg skmal`a `d magara c
qudgc sujar`cldtc, pkrú lal prcvc `c ekzzc, dejcsmala d
rcepcdzzdrgc> cg tkrza `dc rcedlkltc, ksmgusc `dggd `cd- gkttcmd
pkr cg prcedta `d tuttc c gcectc praprc `c ul mkta pragktdrca,
tuttdvcd struekl- tdgczzdjcgc `dc skmal`c. ]c puú cltrdvk`krk cl
tdgc ktcmfkttk dppkggdtcvc malidmkltc d saookttc `c vdrck
kspkrcklzk starcmfk.
Mdrusa
4;
arwkggcdla. Mfc std dg vkrtcmk mkrmd `c rdoocrdrk k maltraggdrk ogc
dgtrc. Cl Amkdlcd lal vcoala `csmrcecldltc `c mdrdttkrk rdzzcdgk,
gd `csmrcecldltk æ cltkggkttcvd8 cl aolc sua marpus samcdgk (g–dgta
`kc `crcokltc a Rdrtcta Cltkrla, cg ek`ca `kc iulzc a- ldrc a
Rdrtcta Kstkrla, cg jdssa `kc pragks) sc dmmk`k pdssdl`a `d
skgkzcalk (sug ea`kgga `kggd rkpujjgcmd pgdtalcmd> scecgk
dgg–kltrdtd cl skecldrca a cl ul malvk l- ta sk sc pdrgd `c Dgtc a
Ek`c).
D prapascta `kggd jaltâ `kg ekta`a skgkttcva-d`attcva rcspktta d
qukgga krk- `ctdrca sc pultudgczzd8 «C suac oavkrldltc lal sala
tklutc clsckek `d vclmagc `c sdlouk ed `dgg–d`kscalk d uld `attrcld
maeulk… Arodlczzdzcalc d strutturd d- `attcvd maek gd Mfcksd
mdttagcmd ^uld ealdrmfcd dssagutd kgkttcvd> l.`.r.U sala `u-
rdtk d vagtk mkltcldcd a ecogcdcd `c dllc. G–kssklzd `kg rkocek
agcodrmfcma lal æ gd summksscalk `d pd`rk d icogca, jklsç gd
pkrscstklzd `c ul mkrta pulta `c vcstd k `c ul mkrta ea`a `c vctd,
cepasta `dc eartc suc vcvc. [l oruppa `aecldltk æ ul oruppa `c
oavkrla d pdtta mfk passd laecldrk c suac summkssarc. Cg Rdrtcta
lal sc cltkrkssd `c rkl`krk pkrpktua cg sua sdlouk, clvkmk `c
pkrpktudrk sã. MFC kskrmctd cg patkrk lal æ cepartdltk, d
mal`czcalk mfk g–dssktta okrdrmfcma rcedlod skeprk cg ek`k- scea¾.
K cl mced vc sc travd cg Jco Jratfkr8 cectdl`a @ca k cg Rdpd æ
«allcpatkltk¾ k «clidggcjcgk¾ (cg `aoed mdttagcma cl qudlta tdgk
sugg–clidggcjcgctâ `kg Rdpd ” kgktta `d ul maggkoca
mdr`cldgczca `d guc laecldta ” æ stdta uiicmcdgczzdta tdr`c,
lkg 46?2, dggd vcocgcd `kggd smaepdrsd `kgga ]tdta paltcicmca).
Oag`stkcl sc malikred lkg maltksta ldrrdtcva `c 4360 eagta
edrmuscdla, vcmcla dgga spcrcta mrctcma `k G–uaea d uld `ceklscalk8
«@dc pragktdrc lal m–æ lckltk `d tkekrsc. @d sagc maltclukrdlla `c
oklkrdzcalk cl oklkrdzcalk k `c skmaga cl skmaga, gdvardl`a,
rcpra`umkl`asc, k ea- rkl`a, lal sagdekltk sklzd dgmuld spcltd d
rcjkggdrsc, ed sklzd gd idmagtâ `c mae- prkl`krk mfk cg eal`a
patrkjjk ksskrk `cvkrsa `d qukg mfk æ. Ratrkjjkra `cvklcrk
pkrcmagasc sagtdlta sk cg praork`crk `kggd tkmlcmd cl`ustrcdgk
idmkssk lkmkssdrcd uld gara iaredzcalk supkrcark… Tudgc apclcalc gk
edssk djjcdla, a lal djjcdla, æ malsc`krdtd uld idmmkl`d `c lkssuld
cepartdlzd. Ogc sc puú `drk gcjkrtâ cltkggkttu- dgk pacmfã lal
fdlla ul cltkggktta. Cl ul ekejra `kg Rdrtcta, `–dgtrd pdrtk, lal
puú ksskrk taggkrdtd gd pcó pcmmagd `kvcdzcalk `c apclcalk sug pcó
clscolcicmdltk dr- oaeklta¾. Maeulquk quksta `ksmrctta æ ga
smkldrca usmcta iuarc `dgga smaltra trd asmurdltcsea mdttagcma k
Cggueclcsea.
Mdrusa
49
Cl gclkd `c edssced gd starcd `ceastrd mfk gd Mfcksd æ stdtd
sidvarkvagk dg praorkssa k d rceuavkrk sug skrca gk rdocalc `c
`csdoca, k mastrkttd clvkmk ” vagkltk a lagkltk ” d
d`koudrsc dg eutdrk `kc tkepc8 «Cl Amkdlcd dg ocarla `–aooc, gd
]mck l- zd, lkg vkmmfca sklsa, fd qudsc mkssdta `c kscstkrk. Lkg
Lkwspkdn lal m–æ uld pdra- gd pkr ]mcklzd. Cg ekta`a kepcrcma `kg
pklsckra, su muc aolc ceprksd smcklt cicmd `kg pdssdta krd ial`dtd,
æ appasta dc pcó ial`dekltdgc prclmcpc `kgg–Closam. K purk cg
praorkssa tkmlagaocma dvvcklk sagtdlta qudl`a c suac pra`attc
passala cl qudg- mfk edlckrd ksskrk usdtc dgga smapa `c `ceclucrk
gd gcjkrtâ uedld… Ga smcklzcdta `c aooc æ a g–ula a g–dgtra8 ul
ecsta `c pscmagaoa k clqucsctark ^psymfagaocst dl` cl- qucsctar8 ul
prcea praicga> l.`.r.U…¾. Gd stkssd oukrrd vcstd lkg jaan k
`klulmcdtd lkggd sud vkstk `c appartulctâ `c edltklkrk cldgtkrdta
cg scstked ” kqucvdgkltk d ul kr- ektcma pdmcicma
csagdeklta `dogc dvvkrsdrc cepk`ckltk pkrcmagasc smdejc
samcamug- turdgc ird gk okltc (`d muc g–dssulta «gd oukrrd æ pdmk¾)
” lal æ stdtd tdlta djarrctd `dg Mdttagcmkscea asmurdltcstd8
«gd masmcklzd `c ksskrk cl gattd, k qucl`c cl pkrcmaga, maepartd
mfk cg malskoldrk g–cltkra patkrk d uld pcmmagd mdstd skejrc
ldturdgk, c- lkvctdjcgk mal`czcalk `c saprdvvcvklzd¾. Lkg rkocek
amkdlcdla «`dg pcó ea`ksta ekejra `kg Rdrtcta sc dttkl`k g–ksskrk
maepktkltk, cl`ustrcasa, k dlmfk cltkggcokl- tk dgg–cltkrla `c
strkttc gcectc, ed æ dgtrksç lkmkssdrca scd ul idldtcma mrk`ugalk k
c- olardltk c muc stdtc `–dlcea prkvdgkltc scdla pdurd, a`ca,
d`ugdzcalk, k` ksugtdlzd arocdstcmd. Cl dgtrk pdragk æ kssklzcdgk
djjcd gd ekltdgctâ dppraprcdtd d ul mgced `c jkggcokrdlzd. Lal
cepartd sk gd oukrrd sc stcd vkrdekltk svagokl`a, k, ocdmmfã uld
vcttarcd `kmcscvd lal æ passcjcgk, lal maltd sk gk astcgctâ stdlla
dl`dl`a jklk a edgk. Putta qukgga `c muc sc æ dvuta jcsaola æ mfk
ga stdta `c jkggcokrdlzd kscstd. Cg irdltuedrk g–cltkggcoklzd mfk
cg Rdrtcta rcmfck`k dc suac maepalkltc, k cg qudgk æ `c pcó idmcgk
rkdgczzdzcalk cl ul–dteasikrd `c oukrrd, æ d`kssa prkssamfã
ulcvkrsdgk, pkrú vcd vcd cl dgta sc vd lkc rdlofc, vcd vcd edrmdta
`cvcklk. Æ dppulta lkg Rdrtcta Cltkrla `avk cstkrcsea jkggcma k
a`ca `kg lkecma sala pcó iartc. Lkggd sud iulzcalk `crcoklzcdgk, æ
spkssa appartula d ul ekejra `kg Rdrtcta Cltkrla malasmkrk mfk
quksta a qukg `kttdogca `kggk latczck `c oukrrd æ idgsa, k` kogc
puú spkssa ksskrk malsdpkvagk mfk g–cltkrd oukrrd æ idgsd k lal sc
std lkdlmfk svagokl`a a mfk gd sc std euavkl`a pkr cltkltc lal
maliarec d qukggc `cmfcdrdtc8 ed tdgk malasmklzd æ maea`dekltk
lkutrdgczzdtd `dggd tkmlcmd `kg @A[JGKPFCLN. Lkg irdttkepa lks- sul
maepalkltk `kg Rdrtcta tkltklld pkr ul cstdltk lkg sua ecstcma
mrk`krk cg mal- igctta rkdgk, k gkodta d uld iclk vcttarcasd, mal
g–Amkdlcd g–cl`csmussd pd`rald `kg ogaja. Aolc ekejra `kg Rdrtcta
Cltkrla mrk`k cl qukstd vklturd malqucstd maek ul drtcmaga `c ik`k
^dl drtcmgk ai idctf, l.`.r.U¾.
Mdrusa
4?
iguklzdrk gd ekltk8 «Cg prcea k pcó skepgcmk ord`a lkggd
`csmcpgcld, clskoldjcgk purk d ocavdlc jdejclc vcklk `klaecldta,
lkg Lkwspkdn, MZCEK]PAR. MZCEK- ]PAR cl`cmd gd idmagtâ `c
jgammdrsc, qudsc pkr cstclta, dggd saogcd `c qudgscdsc pklsck- ra
pkrcmagasa. Mcú clmgu`k cg patkrk `c lal maeprkl`krk dldgaock, cg
idr vklcr ekla gd pkrmkzcalk `c krrarc gaocmc, `c clodlldrsc suc
pcó skepgcmc droaekltc sk sala astc- gc dgg–Closam, `c ksskrk
dllacdta a crrctdta `d qudgulquk marsa `kg pklsckra mdpdmk `c
mal`urrk cl uld `crkzcalk krktcmd. MZCEK]PAR, cl jrkvk, scolcicmd
stupc`ctâ pratkttcvd¾.
K g–dgtra suggd `ciksd `kgg–kokealcd8 «]k g–uoudogcdlzd uedld
`kv–ksskrk pkr skeprk dggaltdldtd ” sk ogc Dgtc, maek gc
djjcdea mfcdedtc, `kvala malskrvdrk c gara pastc cl edlckrd
pkredlkltk ” dggard ga stdta ekltdgk prkvdgkltk `kv–ksskrk
ul–dgckldzcalk ekltdgk maltraggdtd¾. Rdrtcmagdrk dg lastra soudr`a
qudlta vcklk `ktta cl ul pulta `d Oag`stkcl8 «Dlmfk gd Mfcksd
mdttagcmd `kg Ek`cakva dppdrcvd taggkrdltk rcspktta dc ea`krlc
stdl`dr`s. Rdrtk `kggd rdocalk `c quksta krd mfk lkg pdssdta lkssul
oavkrla dvkvd gd mdpdmctâ `c tklkrk c suac mcttd`clc satta sarvk-
ogcdlzd maltclud¾.
Mcú lal seclucsmk ga spkssark `kggd ecd dldgcsc, dlzc gd marrajard8
pkrmfã eastrd cg pdrkltk prasscea `kgg–Closam, k pkrmfã
qukst–ugtcea æ sç g–c`kdgk k pkrikttd clmdrldzcalk `kg
tatdgctdrcsea tuttdvcd gkttkrdrcd, qukggd starcmd k malmrktd,
pcó vcoa- rasd k pcó rdiicldtd, eagta `ciiusd lkgga spdzca k lkg
tkepa, æ, lkg ea`a vcsta `d ]cealk _kcg, qukggd ksprkssd `dggd
Mfcksd (gd qudgk lal edlmú `c vkggkctâ `c `a- eclca). Ajckttcva `c
kssd æ kvdlokgczzdrk cg pcdlktd k malqucstdrk gk
masmcklzk> lkg pdrdggkga amkdlcdla «mc sala pkrmcú `uk ordl`c
prajgkec dggd muc saguzcalk cg Rdrtc- ta sc std cltkrkssdl`a. [la æ
maek smaprcrk, maltra cg sua vagkrk, qudlta ul dgtra uaea std
pklsdl`a¾. Lkggd CCC pdrtk `c 4360 _clstal k Ocugcd, drrkstdtc,
sala aookttc `kg `csuedlczzdltk ctkr rck`umdtcva prdtcmdta
dttrdvkrsa vcagklzk icscmfk k pscmagaocmfk `dc mdrmkrckrc
`kgg–Closam.
D `kttd `c Arwkgg cg «tarturdtark¾ k «clqucsctark (clqucsctar)¾
A–Jrckl ek l- trk tarekltdvd _clstal patkvd dssuekrk purk «g–drcd
`c ul sdmkr`atk (prckst)¾.
Pdgk kspalkltk `kg Rdrtcta cltkrla `urdltk qukc eaekltc sc id
mdrcma `c ouc- `drk gd sud vcttced suggd vcd `kg
rkmupkra. Cl qukg `dltksma dejckltk clikrldgk (euta `c aolc gumk
sagdrk pacmfã gd sk`k `kg eclcstkra `kgg–deark, `avk sc
travdla, jkl pratkttd, lal fd iclkstrk) ogc spckod, mal rcikrceklta
dggd Mfcksd ek`ckvdgk, mfk gd `crcoklzd amkdlcdld lal vuagk
maeekttkrk ga sjdogca `c gdsmcdrk pujjgcmc edrtcrc pkr strd`d, c
qudgc sc rcvkgdrala lamcvc eatcvc `c spralk dgg–clsujar`cldzcalk ma
l- tkstdtrcmk8 mal`dlldrk d eartk suggd pcdzzd magara mfk lal krdla
rktramkssc `dggk gara pasczcalc `c krrark krd stdta eagta
maltrapra`umkltk.
Mdrusa
46
dppdrklzd, pkrikzcaldrala cg ekta`a `c trdttdrk gd pratkstd,
rcspktta dc pkrskmutarc mdttagcmc, pkr ekzza `c uld edoocark
doorksscvctâ lkggd okstcalk `kc prcocalckrc (`d `kord`drk ekogca dg
iclk `c kstarmkrk deecsscalc `c magpd `d prkskltdrk dg papa- ga)8
`c idtta qukstc ksskrc pckodtc `d ul–docrk vcagklta cl edlckrd
vcscjcgk tkrecl d- vdla `c luava magg–dssurokrk dg ruaga `c
edrtcrc.
Tuc vd asskrvdta mfk gd `cstclzcalk prkskltdtd `d A–Jrckl trd
maeulcsea russa k Clqucsczcalk mdttagcmd dppdrk pcó `c iared mfk `c
sastdlzd tkmlcmd a rkgdtc- vd dggd `ceklscalk `kogc kiikttc
lkodtcvc pravamdtc. Gd jdrjdrck `kogc clqucsctarc `kggd Mfcksd lal
æ `c ldturd clikrcark d qukggd maeulcstd lavkmkltksmd8 gd qudltctâ
sç, cl`ujjcdekltk. ]c tklod pkrú malta mfk dl`dl`a cl`cktra lkg
tkepa c gcvkggc `keaordicmc sc djjdssdla, pkrtdlta lal æ
ul–dsceektrcmd `ciikrklzd `c luekrc ” maeulquk ” mfk puú
cligucrk su ul ocu`czca starcaordicma.
G–kstklscalk mralagaocmd `kg Mrcstcdlkscea tatdgctdrca æ pkr
kskepca supk- rcark d qukggd `kc rkocec maeulcstc. Dg `ulquk skejrd
marrktta d`koudrsc dggd vd- gutdzcalk mal`uttrcmk `c ]cealk _kcg, k
malmgu`krk mfk cg maeulcsea lkggd qudgctâ `c prdssc gcjkrtcmc`d æ
icogca `kgg–kspkrcklzd mdttagcmd lkggd pagctcmd ek`ckvdgk (e d- `rk
cl Ammc`kltk `c pdsscalc cggcjkrdgc).
G–Closam æ gd pkrikzcalk rkdgk, lkgg–ceedocldrca `c 4360, `c quksta
ea`k g- ga mdttagcma starcmczzdtasc mal tdlocjcgc gcectc (`d tdgk
pulta `c vcstd), cg qudgk æ pkr- mcú pkr iarzd prcva `kc mallatdtc
edtkrcd `c vdlta `c A–Jrckl (uld edtkrcd dejctd sklzd summkssa `dc
maeulcstc russc).
Mdrusa
43
Cg pulta praordeedtcma mkltrdgk `kgg–Closam æ g–kokealcd samcdgk
ksmgu`kl- `a qudgscdsc ektd c`kdgk8 cg maltragga vagta dg `aeclca
cl sã, cg muc edltklceklta sdmrcicmd cg rksta. Gd savrdlctâ k gd
patklzd tkepardgk `kgg–dutamrdzcd paltcicmcd k` kmmgkscdstcmd `kc
skmagc smarsc krdla ul iclk cl sã8 ga tkstcealcd gd starcd
cltkrmarrkl- tk trd gd idgsd `aldzcalk `c Mastdltcla k
g–dldmralcstcma astcldrsc d lal djjdl- `aldrk uld `ceklscalk
stdtdgk mfk cl Ctdgcd rctdr`ú `c pdrkmmfca g–ulctâ
pagctcmd.
[l pdssdooca `kggk pdragk `c A–Jrckl d _clstal maggkodtk d ul
malmktta d i- ikredta cl prkmk`klzd ” «cg Jco Jratfkr æ
g–clmdrldzcalk (keja`ceklt) `kg Rdrtcta¾ ” sala dgqudlta
scolcicmdtcvk pkr gd prkskltk dldgcsc maepdrdtd ocdmmfã rcmfcdedla
lal saga gd `attrcld tkagaocmd `c Mfcksd maek marpa ecstcma `c
Mrcsta8 «Pu stdc pkl- sdl`a… mfk gd ecd idmmcd æ vkmmfcd k stdlmd.
Pu stdc pklsdl`a mfk ca pdrga `c patk- rk, kppurk lal sala dlmard
cl ord`a `c prkvklcrk gd `kmd`klzd `kg eca marpa. Lal puac mdpcrk,
_clstal, mfk g–cl`cvc`ua æ sagtdlta uld mkggugd1 Gd idtcmd `kggd
mkggugd æ cg vcoark `kgg–arodlcsea. Euarc qudl`a tc tdogc gk
ulofck1... Lac scdea c sdmkr`atc `kg patkrk ^prcksts ai pawkr>
l.`.r.U… @ca æ patkrk ^Oa` cs pawkr> l.`.r.U. Ed dttudgekltk
patkrk æ saga uld pdragd pkr qudlta tc fd rcoudr`dta. Æ ard pkr tk
`c dmqucscrk qudgmfk c`kd `c mfk scolcicmfc patkrk. Gd prced masd
`c muc `kvc rkl`kr- tc malta æ mfk cg patkrk æ maggkttcva ^cg
skoucta æ cl pdrtk fajjkscdla8 vcklk dttdmmdtd gd `colctâ k
g–dutalaecd `kgg–drcstatkgcma ι ε πχε, dgtrksç ι ε χνε
σε, scejaga `c ul–dltrapagaocd lal mrcstcdld k lal rkprksscvd
`c gâ `dgg–cggkmcta > l.`.r.U. G–cl`cvc`ua fd cg patkrk
sagdekltk lkggd ecsurd cl muc mkssd `c ksskrk ul scloaga. Pu
malasmc ga sgaodl `kg Rdrtcta8 Gd Gcjkrtâ æ smfcdvctó. Pc æ edc
saprdvvkluta mfk æ clvkrtcjcgk1 Gd smfcdvctó æ gcjkrtâ. G–ksskrk
uedla, saga, cl gcjkrtâ, æ skeprk smalictta. K `kv–ksskrga, aolc
ksskrk uedla æ mal`dlldta d earcrk, cg mfk æ cg pcó ordl`k `c tuttc
c idggcekltc. Rkrú sk puú idrk maepgktd, dssagutd sattaecsscalk, sk
puú smdppdrk `dggd sud cl`cvc`udgctâ, sk kogc puú ceekrokrsc lkg
Rdrtcta dg pulta mfk ]CD cg Rdrtcta dggard kogc æ allcpatkltk k
ceeartdgk ^maek cg Jco Jratfkr> vk`dsc clagtrk Ov 4;,;-9, Ze
4:,0-; k 4 Mar 4:,4:.:?> l.`.r.U. Gd skmal`d masd `c muc tu tc
`kvc rkl`krk malta æ mfk cg patkrk æ `aeclca saprd ogc ksskrc
uedlc. ]ug marpa ” ed, saprdttutta, suggd ekltk¾.
Lkg pdrdggkgcsea Mdttagcmkscea/Closam sc latd ul–cepraltd
tkamrdtcmd maeulk `krcvdtd dg prcea `dgg–dssktta `kgga ]tdta
kjrdcma vktkratkstdekltdrca.
Ek`cdltk g–ceekrscalk lkg marpus `kggd Mfcksd, scecgdrk d qukggd
lkg Rdrt c- ta, g–uaea smalicook gd eartk cl Mrcsta, k cl Amkdlcd
lkg Irdtkgga Edoocark `c muc cg Rdrtcta æ marpa ecstcma. ]cd
g–Closam scd cg Mdttagcmkscea sc prkicooala dutarctâ k su- prkedzcd
sugg–dlced `kogc uaeclc.
Mdrusa
:2
Ek`cakva mdttagcma8 æ gd saiikrklzd d pra`urrk ul–clmal`czcaldtd
ajjk`cklzd, gd qudgk `csorkod pkrcmagasc rdppartc cltkrpkrsaldgc k
gd pkrsald stkssd cl cltkrcark, k palk aolula dc pck`c `c uld
vcscalk tatdgctdrcd, lal djctdtd `dggd rcmkrmd `kggd ikgc- mctâ
(pcdmkrk), jklsç cgguecldtd `dg pcó kiicmdmk `cvc`k kt
cepkrd.
Cg Ydlokga (mrcstcdla a samcdgcstd) `kgg–deark k g–deark `kg
Ydlokga sc trdeu- tdla cl ul scstkedtcma rcicuta `cstruttark `kg
`cvkrsa8 mascmmfã sc puú rcdssuekrk mfk g–deark æ a`ca. 4360 æ uld
@cvcld Maeek`cd `c skola lkodtcva. A–Jrckl sc rcvkgd ul Ycrocgca
clvkrtcta8 g–kpcgaoa `c iraltk d qukggk mfk passala ksskrk gk suk
vcttcek æ8 idttc iastk d vcvkr maek jrutc, lal pkr skoucr
vcrtutk k mdlasmklzd. Cg raedlza `c Arwkgg, `dg mdlta sua, æ eagta
icgasaicma k dttclok dg jdodogca clogksk.
Lkgg–dl`deklta ldrrdtcva g–ctkr `dltksma æ dgtkrdta8 lal sc vd dggd
vagtd `c ula stdtus malmguscva `c rcsmdtta
(clikrla/purodtarca/pdrd`csa).
Tuc g–ctclkrdrca k g–kscta sala mdpavagtc. ]cecgk d uld trdok`cd cl
trk dttc (gk trk skzcalc `kgg–apkrd) sc skouk g–kvagvkrsc `kg
@dltk/_clstal skmal`a ga smfk ed purodtarca/pdrd`csa/clikrla.
Gd «mdekrd 424¾, `avk _clstal æ partdta cl vcstd `kg sua ugtcea
trdtta `c purcicmdzcalk, æ uld ektdiard `kgg–clikrla ek`cdltk
cg qudgk c Mrcstcdlc vkloala e c- ldmmcdtc `c lal dggaltdldrsc
`dgg–arta`asscd, g–ceedoclk `kg pkooca ” clmugmdtd lkg- gd
tkstd `kc ik`kgc ” mfk oklkrd pdurd clcjctarcd8 dloasmcd, pkr
ekzza `c muc tarekl- tdrk k mal`czcaldrk pscmagaocmdekltk.
Dg tkreclk `kggd ecd `csdecld sala `d sattagclkdrk `kggk tdloklzk
trd ogc dutarc mfk fa dmmastdta cl quksta eca gdvara.
Okarok Arwkgg (432=-43;2) k ]cealk _kcg; (4323-430=), `c
arcoclk jarofksk, mal`usskra vdrck kspkrcklzk `c sdmrcicmca
pkrsaldgk, rkdokl`a dg sklsa apprcekltk `kggd iarzd k
`kgg–clocustczcd (pdrtkmcpdrala pkr jrkvk pkrca`a dggd oukrrd
mcvcgk spdolagd, `dggd pdrtk `kc rkpujjgcmdlc dldrmfcmc>
kltrdejc iurala dltcldzcstc, k prk- mursarc `c rcmfcdec rcprksc k
svcguppdtc `d Edrmusk lkg skmal`a `apaoukrrd, qudgk qukgga
`kgg–dgckldzcalk `kg saooktta). Cl pagctcmd sc maggamdrala su
pasczcalc `c scl c- strd suc oklkrcs, mrctcmfk vkrsa cg edrxcsea.
Cg ealcta wkcgcdla `c 4360 rcvagta `d Arwkgg dgg–uedlctâ æ
ldturdgekltk cl prkvcscalk `c ul iutura rcpktuta skrca rcsmfca
tatdgctdrca8 cg raedlza (pkr muc rkputa cld`dttk ktcmfkttk
`cstapcmfk8 utapcd lkod- tcvd, dltcutapcd, ktm.), lal ul pra`atta
`c idltdscd dstrdttd lã ul mdtdgaoa `c dr- mfkagaocd
starcma-c`kagaocmd, æ g–dvvcsa `c ul uaea mfk skppk jkl vk`krk
lkggd pscmfk uedld `kgktkrck k maltrd``cttarck vamdzcalc dggd gumk
(pkr guc pdrzcdgk) `kogc kvkltc `c qukgga dggd iclk mfcdedta skmaga
jrkvk. Gd idttarcd `kogc dlcedgc `c Arwkgg æ ul–dggkoarcd `c
kspgcmctd mal`dlld `kg maeulcsea savcktcma9.