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201203021 comphumanities 2012 lm (nlp)

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NLP and Language Challenge
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Informatica Umanistica LM Editing e analisi del Documento Digitale 21 marzo 2012 30 maggio 2012 - Stefano Lariccia – Digilab – Open Knowledge Sapienza Università di Roma Giovanni Toffoli Link Informatica Ricerca e Sviluppo (Natural Language Processing) [email protected]
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Page 1: 201203021 comphumanities 2012 lm (nlp)

Informatica Umanistica LMEditing e analisi del Documento Digitale

21 marzo 201230 maggio 2012

-

Stefano Lariccia – Digilab – Open KnowledgeSapienza Università di Roma

Giovanni Toffoli

Link Informatica Ricerca e Sviluppo

(Natural Language Processing)[email protected]

Page 2: 201203021 comphumanities 2012 lm (nlp)

Introduzione al corso

• La storia della tecnologia dell’ultimo secolo ci ha abituato ad una sequenza impressionante di conquiste • L’evoluzione della tecnologia sembra essere governata da leggi e modelli – come la legge di Kurzweil dei

ritorni accelerati - che sono un fenomeno uovo nell’orizzonte delle società umane• Gli ingredienti fondamentali di questo percorso sono:

1. La macchina universale o (macchina di Turing)2. Gli algoritmi3. Le reti ed i grafi4. Gli automi 5. L’intelligenza diffusa6. Il concetto di Società Aperta e di Conoscenza come Bene Comune7. Gli Standard per la interoperabilità8. L’ estremizzazione del concetto di «universale» 9. La virtualizzazione e le metafore ad essa correlate10. La Progettualità evolutiva, il desiderio di anticipare il futuro

(teleologia inversa)

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NLP Lectio [1]

• Internet e soprattutto l’avvento del WorldWideWeb, hanno creato un ecosistema linguistico /concettuale ai cui sviluppi attendono ormai milioni di ricercatori.

• E in questo ecosistema, giornalmente alimentato dai prodotti del metabolismo culturale planetario, sfruttandone l’analisi statistica, con l’ausilio di potenti automi addestrati al symbol crunching – masticazione di simboli:

• dalla comprensione dei linguaggi, all’analisi lessicale, all’estrazione di significato), si possono sviluppare branche del sapere oggi ancora ignote e difficilmente immaginabili per il vasto pubblico, ma cariche di interessi e di potenzialità sia sul piano economico - applicativo che sul piano logico-cognitivo.

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Lectio [2]

• L’avvento di queste opportunità, come suggerisce la legge dei ritorni accellerati di Kurzweil, è prevedibile in tempi molto rapidi, tempi che corrispondono alla durata di un corso di laurea quinquennale.

• E le potenzialità di cui riferiamo sono di grande interesse proprio, tra gli altri, per gli umanisti che per primi hanno inaugurato e tradizionalmente coltivato l’analisi critica dei testi e dei segni come maestria artigianale fondamentale per attendere all’ interpretazione della storia umana e per tentare con mezzi sempre più sofisticati il progetto della “visione del futuro”.

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NLP Lectio [4]

NLTK Tutorial: Introduction to Natural Language ProcessingSteven Bird Ewan Klein Edward Loper• Revision 1.66, 7 Apr 2005• Copyright © 2005• This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike• License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/ or• send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

The single and shortest definition of civilization may be the word language... Civilization, if it meanssomething concrete, is the conscious but unprogrammed mechanism by which humans communicate.And through communication they live with each other, think, create, and act.—John Ralston Saul

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NLP Lectio [5]

1. The Language Challenge• Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305,

USA.

Language is the chief manifestation of human intelligence. Through language we express basicneeds and lofty aspirations, technical know-how and flights of fantasy. Ideas are shared over greatseparations of distance and time.

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NLP Lectio [6]

1. The Language Challenge• Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

The following samples from English illustrate the richness oflanguage:1. a. Overhead the day drives level and grey, hiding the sun by a flight of grey spears.(William Faulkner, As I Lay Dying, 1935)b. When using the toaster please ensure that the exhaust fan is turned on. (sign indormitory kitchen)c. Amiodarone weakly inhibited CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4-mediated activitieswith Ki values of 45.1-271.6 µM (Medline)d. Iraqi Head Seeks Arms (spoof headline,http://www.snopes.com/humor/nonsense/head97.htm)e. The earnest prayer of a righteous man has great power and wonderful results. (James5:16b)

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NLP Lectio [7]

1. The Language Challenge• Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

The following samples from English illustrate the richness oflanguage:1. a. Overhead the day drives level and grey, hiding the sun by a flight of grey spears.(William Faulkner, As I Lay Dying, 1935)b. When using the toaster please ensure that the exhaust fan is turned on. (sign indormitory kitchen)c. Amiodarone weakly inhibited CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4-mediated activitieswith Ki values of 45.1-271.6 µM (Medline)d. Iraqi Head Seeks Arms (spoof headline,http://www.snopes.com/humor/nonsense/head97.htm)e. The earnest prayer of a righteous man has great power and wonderful results. (James5:16b)

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NLP Lectio [8]

1. The Language Challenge• Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

The importance of language to science and the arts is matched in significance by the culturaltreasure that is inherent in language. Each of the world’s ~7,000 human languages is rich in uniquerespects, in its oral histories and creation legends, down to its grammatical constructions and itsvery words and their nuances of meaning. Threatened remnant cultures have words to distinguishplant subspecies according to therapeutic uses which are unknown to science.

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NLP Lectio [9]

1. The Language Challenge• Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Languages evolve over time as they come into contact with each other and they provide a unique window onto humanpre-history. Technological change gives rise to new words like weblog and new morphemes like e- and cyber-. In many parts of the world, small linguistic variations from one town to the next add up to a completely different language in the space of a half-hour drive. For its breathtaking complexity and diversity, human language is as a colourful tapestry stretching through time and space.

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NLP Lectio [10]

1. The Language Challenge• Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Languages evolve over time as they come into contact with each other and they provide a unique window onto humanpre-history. Technological change gives rise to new words like weblog and new morphemes like e- and cyber-. In many parts of the world, small linguistic variations from one town to the next add up to a completely different language in the space of a half-hour drive. For its breathtaking complexity and diversity, human language is as a colourful tapestry stretching through time and space.

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Resources and referencesResource type and name: References:

Plone; A definitive Guide to Plone

Exe LO Editor Manual http://wikieducator.org/Online_manual/Embedding_eXe_resources


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