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conoscerle per difenderle, conoscerle per migliorarci. · Associazione Naturalisti SACILE ONLUS Api...

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Associazione Naturalisti SACILE ONLUS Api conoscerle per difenderle, conoscerle per migliorarci.
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AssociazioneNaturalistiSACILEONLUS

Api conoscerle per difenderle, conoscerle per migliorarci.

“Ai nostri genitori, api laboriose, umili e solidali”

Brassica napus

Testi e Foto: Alfredo Marson

con il contributo della Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia

Assessorato alla Cultura, Sport, Relazioni Internazionali e Comunitarie

.YHÄJOL! iBunkerStudio.com - Sacile (PN)

Stampa: .YHÄJOL�9PZTH�ZYS���9V]LYLKV�PU�7PHUV��75�

JVU�PS�WH[YVJPUPV�KLS�*VUZVYaPV�MYH�NSP�(WPJVS[VYP�KLSSH�7YV]PUJPH�KP�7VYKLUVUL

Associazione Naturalisti Sacile ONLUS, Viale Zancanaro 10 - 33077 Sacile (PN) - Tel. +39 0434 734246

Fotoapi.com di Alfredo Marson, Via Luigi Nono 22 - 33077 Sacile (PN) - Tel. +39 339 7098291

��*VW`YPNO[���6NUP�YPWYVK\aPVUL�KLS�[LZ[V�L�KLSSL�PTTHNPUP�KLSSH�WYLZLU[L�W\IISPJHaPVUL�UVU�u�WLYTLZZH�ZLUaH�PS�JVUZLUZV�JVUNP\U[V�KLSS»H\[VYL�L�KLSS»(ZZVJPHaPVUL�Naturalisti Sacile ONLUS.

Melilotus albus

Introduzione

3»(ZZVJPHaPVUL�5H[\YHSPZ[P�:HJPSL�JVU[PU\H�S»PTWLNUV�LKP[VYPHSL�KP�PUMVYTHaPVUL�WLY�JVU[YPI\PYL�HSSH�JVUVZJLUaH�ZJPLU[PÄJH�L�HSSH�J\S[\YH�naturalistica.

8\LZ[»HUUV�KLKPJH�PS�Z\V�Z[\KPV�L�SH�Z\H�LZWLYPLUaH�HS�TVUKV�KLSSL�HWP��3»H\[VYL�KP�X\LZ[V�SPIYV�OH�ZHW\[V�SLNHYL��JVU�YHYH�HIPSP[n��JVTWL[LUaH�L�WHZZPVUL�WLY�SL�JVZL�UH[\YHSP��ZLUaH�KPTLU[PJHYL�JOL�\UH�JOPHYH�JVT\UPJHaPVUL�LZPNL�\U�SPUN\HNNPV�HZJP\[[V��WYLJPZV�L�ZLTWSPJL�WLY�YP]VSNLYZP�H�[\[[P�0S�YLHSPZTV�KLS�YHJJVU[V�u�NPn�PU�Zt�\UH�ILSSH�L�]P]H�SLaPVUL�PKVULH�H�MHY�LZWSVKLYL�S»PU[LYLZZL�L�SH�]VNSPH�KP�WYVZLN\PYL�ULSSH�JVUVZJLUaH�KLSSH�UH[\YH�PU�[HU[P�Z\VP�HZWL[[P��3L�PTTHNPUP�KLS�[LZ[V�MHUUV�KH�Z\WWVY[V�HSSL�WHYVSL�L�HSSL�KLZJYPaPVUP�L�ZVUV�\U�PU]P[V�HK�\ZJPYL�HSS»HYPH�aperta.

0UVS[YL��JVU�X\LZ[H�W\IISPJHaPVUL�]PLUL�PU[YVKV[[H�\UH�UV]P[n!�PS�SPIYV�ZHYn�\Z\MY\PIPSL�HUJOL�PU�MVYTH[V�KPNP[HSL�L�ZHYn�WVZZPIPSL�ZJHYPJHYL�\U�]PKLV�KH�\[PSPaaHYL�ULSSL�ZJ\VSL�3»(ZZVJPHaPVUL�YPUNYHaPH�S»H\[VYL�L�PS�Z\V�ZWSLUKPKV�SH]VYV�JOL�LU[YH�H�MHY�WHY[L�JVU�NYHUKL�TLYP[V�KP�X\LZ[H�S\UNH�L�VYTHP�JVUZVSPKH[H�tradizione pubblicistica.

Canzio Taffarello

7YLZPKLU[L�KLSS»(ZZVJPHaPVUL�5H[\YHSPZ[P�:HJPSL�653<:

Brassica napus

La felicitàC’è un’ape che si posasu un bottone di rosa:lo succhia e se ne va...Tutto sommato, la felicitàè una piccola cosa.

Trilussa

Prefazione

3L�HWP�JP�WVZZVUV� PUZLNUHYL� [HU[V��3H� SVYV�ZVJPL[n�u� MVUKH[H�Z\SS»VWLYVZP[n��*VTWPVUV� PS�SVYV�KV]LYL�JVU�LJJLaPVUHSL�ZJY\WVSV��3H]VYHUV�Z[YLU\HTLU[L�ÄUV�HSS»LZH\YPTLU[V�ÄZPJV��NP\UNLUKV�HSSH�TVY[L�JOL�[HS]VS[H�W\~�H]]LUPYL�Z\S�ÄVYL��3H�ZVJPL[n�KLSSL�HWP�u�JVTWSLZZH��YL[[H�WLY�TLaaV�KLSS»HWL�YLNPUH�KH�\UH�TVUHYJOPH�HZZVS\[H��ZP�[YHZMVYTH�PU�KL[LYTPUH[P�TVTLU[P�PU�\UH�KLTVJYHaPH��HSS»PU[LYUV�KLSSH�X\HSL�PS�WVWVSV�KLSSL�HWP�VWLYHPL�KLJPKL�JVU�HZZVS\[V�LX\PSPIYPV�3H� Z[Y\[[\YH� ZVJPHSL� KLSSL� HWP� L� PS� SVYV� JVTWVY[HTLU[V�� ZVUV� TVS[V� L]VS\[P!� LZZL� PUMH[[P��JVT\UPJHUV�[YH�KP�SVYV�\[PSPaaHUKV�ZWLJPHSP�TV]PTLU[P�KLS�JVYWV��H[[YH]LYZV�P�X\HSP��JYLHUV�\UH�]LYH�L�WYVWYPH�¸KHUaH¹��:P�W\~�X\PUKP�Z\WWVYYL��JOL�PS�SVYV�UVU�ZPH�ZVSV�PZ[PU[V�HUPTHSL��TH�\UH�WYPTH�MVYTH�K»PU[LSSPNLUaH!�PU�HS[YL�WHYVSL��LZZL�WVZZPLKVUV�SH�JHWHJP[n�KP�WLUZHYL�L�KP�YPZVS]LYL�ZP[\HaPVUP�JVU[LULU[P�KLSSL�]HYPHIPSP��<[PSPaaHUKV�\UH�SVYV�ZJ\VSH��SL�HWP�PUZLNUHUV�HSSL�UHZJP[\YL� SL� ¸HIPSP[n�ZVJPHSP¹�JOL�WLYTL[[VUV� SVYV�KP�Z]VSNLYL��ULSS»HYJV�KP� [\[[H� SH�]P[H��JPYJH�X\HYHU[HJPUX\L�NPVYUP���KP]LYZP�JVTWP[P�H�ZLJVUKV�KLSSH�SVYV�HUaPHUP[n��0UPaPHUV�JVTL�W\SP[YPJP�KLP�MH]P�L�KLSS»HS]LHYL��L�T\VPVUV�KH�LZWLY[L�YHJJVNSP[YPJP�KP�WVSSPUL�L�TPLSL��3»HWL�� PUVS[YL�� u� S»PUZL[[V� WP�� PTWVY[HU[L� ULSSH� JVUZLY]HaPVUL� KLSSH� IPVKP]LYZP[n� KLSSL�HUNPVZWLYTL����������ZWLJPL�KP�HYI\Z[P�[YH�J\P!�HSILYP��ZWLJPL�LYIHJLL��WPHU[L�HJX\H[PJOL��JHYUP]VYL��LWPÄ[L��L�WPHU[L�NYHZZL��

3L� PTTHNPUP� JOL� JVYYLKHUV� X\LZ[V� SPIYV�� N\PKLYHUUV� PS� SL[[VYL� H[[YH]LYZV� P� TVTLU[P� WP��PTWVY[HU[P� SLNH[P� HSS»LZPZ[LUaH� KLSSL� HWP!� PS� WHZJVSV�� SH� ]P[H� KLU[YV� S»HS]LHYL�� SH� NYH]PKHUaH��ZJPHTH[\YH��� L� PSS\Z[YLYHUUV� SL� WV[LUaPHSP� PUZPKPL� KLP� WYLKH[VYP�� (� SVYV� HMÄKV� PS� JVTWP[V�K»PUJ\YPVZPY]P��KP�ZWPUNLY]P�H�\ZJPYL�HSS»HYPH�HWLY[H�WLY�VZZLY]HYL�SH�UH[\YH��JHTTPUHYL�ULP�WYH[P��S\UNV�P�Ä\TP��L�ULSSL�ZWSLUKPKL�aVUL�JOL�PS�WYVNYLZZV�KLSS»\VTV�UVU�OH�HUJVYH�MHNVJP[H[V��3L�MV[V�KP�X\LZ[V�SPIYV��ZVUV�Z[H[L�ZJH[[H[L�S\UNV�P�WLYJVYZP�K»HJX\H�ULSSH�MHU[HZ[PJH�aVUH�KP� YPZVYNP]H�JOL�JHYH[[LYPaaH� PS�UVZ[YV� [LYYP[VYPV!� S»HJX\H�� PUMH[[P��u� PS� JVT\UL�KLUVTPUH[VYL�ULP�TPLP�SH]VYP��0U[VYUV�H�UVP�WVZZPHTV�HUJVYH�[YV]HYL�S\VNOP��KV]L�SH�UH[\YH�PUJVU[HTPUH[H�risplende nella sua interezza.

0S�Ä\TL�3P]LUaH��JVU�SL�Z\L�ZVYNLU[P�TVaaHÄH[V��SH�[YHZWHYLUaH�KLSSL�Z\L�HJX\L�L�SH�ZWSLUKPKH�]LNL[HaPVUL�JOL�JVZ[LNNPH�PS�Z\V�JVYZV"�S»HYLH�KLS�7HS��JVU�SH�Z\H�Z[VYPH�JLSH[H�ZV[[V�Z[YH[P�KP�[VYIH!�PU�X\LZ[P�S\VNOP�NPHJJPVUV�ZLWVS[L�SL�UVZ[YL�YHKPJP��P�UVZ[YP�HU[LUH[P��0�U\TLYVZP�HMÅ\LU[P�KP�YP]H�ZPUPZ[YH�KLS�3P]LUaH��JOL�HIIYHJJPHUV�\UH�aVUH�KP�YPZVYNP]H�HUJVYH�YLSH[P]HTLU[L�WVJV�[VJJH[H�KHSS»\VTV"� P�WYH[P�Z[HIPSP�� PU� YLHS[n� SLTIP�L� PU�HSJ\UP�JHZP�X\HZP�MHaaVSL[[P��HUJVYH�YPJJOPZZPTP�KP�ÄVYP�T\S[PJVSVYP�JOL�JP�YLNHSHUV�\UV�ZJVYJPV�KP�JVTL�LYHUV�\UH�]VS[H�NSP�ZWHaP�HWLY[P��0�U\TLYVZP�YPP�KLSSL�JVSSPUL�KP�)\KVPH��JOL�ZVSJHUKV�JVTL�Y\NOL�SL�N\HUJL�KP�X\LZ[P�YPSPL]P��KVUHUV�]P[H�HS�9\P�KL�)YVZH�L�JP�VMMYVUV�\UH�ÅVYH�KLS�[\[[V�WHY[PJVSHYL��KHSSH�X\HSL�SL�HWP�KLP�numerosi apicoltori della zona attingono il loro nutrimento.

0S�)VKLNnU�H�5H]L��SH�=HS�.YHUKL�H�9VTHUV�KP�=PNVUV]V��PS�9PV�6YaHPH�JVU�SL�Z\L�[LYYL�L�P�Z\VP�YV]P��VMMYVUV�YPWHYV�H�U\TLYVZP�HUPTHSP�L�ZWLJPL�]LNL[HSP�

:HJPSL��TLYH]PNSPVZH�JP[[HKPUH�ZLWW\Y�VYTHP�[YVWWV�JLTLU[H[H��JP�SHZJPH�HUJVYH�ZJVYNLYL�X\H�L�Sn�[YPHUNVSP�KP�UH[\YH�ULP�NPHYKPUP�KLSSL�JHZL�WYP]H[L��S\UNV�P�]PHSP�HSILYH[P��ULP�WHYJOP�W\IISPJP�L�S\UNV�SL�YP]L�KLS�Ä\TL�3P]LUaH�L�KLS�9PV�7HPZH��8\LZ[»\S[PTV��ZJVYYL�PU�\UH�aVUH�HNYPJVSH��UVU�HUJVYH�TVKPÄJH[H�KHSS»\VTV�L�VMMYL�JHYH[[LYPZ[PJOL�HTIPLU[HSP�\UPJOL�KP�aVUH�\TPKH�KP�YPZVYNP]H�JVU�[PWPJP[n�KP�ÅVYH�L�MH\UH��:[YHVYKPUHYPH�u�SH�aVUH�KP�:JOPH]VP�JVU�PS�Ä\TL�4LZJOPV��JOL�KP�HUUV�PU�HUUV�YP]VS\aPVUH�PS�Z\V�HS]LV�JVU[LU\[V�[YH�NSP�HTWP�HYNPUP��[\[LSHUKV�\UH�]LNL[HaPVUL�L�\UH�]HYPL[n�KP�ZWLJPL�K»PUZL[[P�]LYHTLU[L�PUHZWL[[H[L��<U�S\VNV�THNPJV��KV]L�KH�JLU[PUHPH�KP�HUUP�HSJ\UL�ZWLJPL�KP�WLZJP�YPZHSNVUV�PS�3P]LUaH��L�PU�NYHU�U\TLYV�]LUNVUV�H�YPWYVK\YZP�ULSSL�[LYHWL\[PJOL�HJX\L�conosciute da tutti i sacilesi.

3L�:TVY[L�KP�*H]VSHUV�L�KP�:HU�.PV]HUUP�KP�3P]LUaH��VMMYVUV�\UH�]LNL[HaPVUL�YPWHYPHSL�H�U\TLYVZP�HUPTHSP�L�ZWLJPL�]LNL[HSP!�LJVZPZ[LTP�\UPJP�KH�KPMLUKLYL�L�KH�MHY�JVUVZJLYL�HSSL�NPV]HUP�NLULYHaPVUP��7YVWYPV�PU�S\VNOP�JVTL�X\LZ[P��ZP�T\V]VUV�U\TLYVZP�PUZL[[P�PTWVSSPUH[VYP�[YH�J\P�HUJOL�SL�UVZ[YL�HWP�.SP�LJVZPZ[LTP�PU�NLULYHSL��ZVUV�H�YPZJOPV�VNNP�WP��JOL�THP��<UH�ZJYP[LYPH[H�JLTLU[PaaHaPVUL�KLS� [LYYP[VYPV�� OH� MH[[V� ZJVTWHYPYL� aVUL� YPWHYPHSP� L�KP� WHZJVSV�WLY� U\TLYVZP� LZZLYP� ]P]LU[P��0S�U\TLYV�KLSSL�]HYPL[n�KP�WPHU[L��K»PUZL[[P�L�KP�HS[YP�HUPTHSP�ZP�u�MVY[LTLU[L�YPKV[[V��L�TVS[L�ZWLJPL�ZVUV�ZPSLUaPVZHTLU[L�ZJVTWHYZL!�S»LZ[PUaPVUL�u�PYYL]LYZPIPSL��Ï� WVZZPIPSL� SV[[HYL� JVU[YV� [\[[V� JP~�� MHJLUKV� UVZ[YV� \U� TV[[V� HU[PJV!� ¸*VUVZJLYL� WLY�KPMLUKLYL¹��:VSV�JVUVZJLUKV�THNNPVYTLU[L� SH�UH[\YH�L�HWWYLaaHUKV� S»PUJLZZHU[L� SH]VYV�JOL�VNUP� HUPTHSL�� WPHU[H�V� PUZL[[V� Z]VSNL�� HUJOL�H� MH]VYL�KLSS»\VTV��WV[YLTTV�HNPYL� PU�TVKV�JVYYL[[V�WLY�KPMLUKLYL�SH�IPVKP]LYZP[n��PUKPNUHUKVJP�VNUP�]VS[H�JOL�]LKPHTV�HaPVUP�[LZL�a ledere i diritti di animali, delle piante e degli ecosistemi.

(SKV�3LVWVSK�ZJYP]L]H!�“Solo la montagna ha vissuto abbastanza a lungo da comprendere l’ululato di un lupo”. 0S�ZPNUPÄJH[V�KP�X\LZ[H�MYHZL�u�JOL�S»\VTV��WLY�X\HU[V�PU[LSSPNLU[L��WLY�X\HU[V�L]VS\[V��UVU�u�PU�NYHKV�KP�NLZ[PYL�[\[[L�SL�]HYPHIPSP�JOL�WLYTL[[VUV�HSSH�UH[\YH�KP�YLZ[HYL�PU�LX\PSPIYPV��4H\YV�*VYVUH�ZJYP]L�HSSH�ÄUL�KL�¸3H�ÄUL�KLS�TVUKV�Z[VY[V¹!�“L’uomo sarà il primo animale a estinguersi per imbecillità”.3»V[[PTPZTV�u�K»VIISPNV��TH� MVYZL�UVU�IHZ[H�WP���IPZVNUH�HNPYL�L� PU]LZ[PYL�H� MH]VYL�KLSSH�UH[\YH��8\LZ[V�SPIYV�u�\U�WPJJVSV�L�TVKLZ[V�JVU[YPI\[V�H�MH]VYL�KLSSH�JVUVZJLUaH�HTIPLU[HSL�

Sommario

10 La casa delle apiLe api depositarie della nostra storia01

16 .SP�HIP[HU[P�KLSS»HS]LHYLLa formazione delle giovani api02

34 0S�]VSV�KLSSL�HWPAlla scoperta del mondo esterno03

44 -PVYP�L�HWP��HTPJP�WLY�SH�]P[H3»HZZV�ULSSH�THUPJH!�PS�NYHUKL�Å\ZZV�K»PUMVYTHaPVUP04

62 +HS�ÄVYL�HS�MH]VLa sicurezza nell’alveare05

68 Il pollineLa scintilla della vita06

82 La PropoliLa farmacia delle api07

86 3»HJX\HL’elemento vitale08

90 La ceraIl calcestruzzo ecologico delle api09

96 3»HWL!�\U�PUZL[[V�HWVJYP[V�HJ\SLH[VL’ape si difende pungendo10

104 La sciamaturaIl parto delle api11

114 Le catene alimentariChi mangia chi12

8\H[[YV�TPSPHYKP�L�TLaaV�KP�HUUP�MH�UHZJL]H�SH�]P[H�Z\S�UVZ[YV�WPHUL[H��K\LJLU[VTPSH�HUUP� MH��]LUP]H�HSSH� S\JL� PS�WYPTV�/VTV�ZHWPLUZ�L�KH�JPYJH�����TPSPVUP�KP�HUUP�NSP�PUZL[[P�WVWVSHUV� SH� [LYYH�� 0S� NLULYL� ¸(WPZ¹�u�KH[H[V�]LU[PJPUX\L�TPSPVUP�KP� HUUP� MH��7P[[\YL�Y\WLZ[YP�KP�JPYJH��������HUUP�MH��YHMÄN\YHUV�¸KVTH[VYP�KP�HWP¹��JOL�HWWLZP�H�S\UNOL�SPHUL�ZP�JHSH]HUV�ULP�KPY\WP�WLY�Y\IHYL�P�MH]P�KP�TPLSL��3H�[LZ[PTVUPHUaH�WP��HU[PJH� KLSSH� ZPULYNPH� [YH� \VTV� L� HWL� L� S»PUPaPV� KLS� SVYV� ZMY\[[HTLU[V� ZPZ[LTH[PJV��YPZHSL�HSS»L[n�ULVSP[PJH��5LSSH� aVUH� 7HS�� KLS� 3P]LUaH� H� 7VSJLUPNV� �75��� ZLKL� K»PUZLKPHTLU[P� ULVSP[PJP��WYVIHIPSTLU[L�NPn�VWLYH]H�PS�WYLJ\YZVYL�KLNSP�HWPJVS[VYP�MYP\SHUP��0S�JVTWVY[HTLU[V�KLSS»\VTV�]LYZV�S»HTIPLU[L�L�]LYZV�SH�UH[\YH��ZP�L]VS]L�NYHK\HSTLU[L!� S»\VTV��KH�¸WYLKH[VYL�KP�TPLSL�ZLS]H[PJV¹��ZP�[YHZMVYTH�SLU[HTLU[L�PU�¸HSSL]H[VYL�KP�HWP¹��L�KH�X\LZ[V�TVTLU[V�PU�WVP�S»HYUPH�HZZ\TLYn�NYHUKL�PTWVY[HUaH��3H�KP]LYZP[n�KLSSH�Z\H�MVYTH�JVZ[Y\[[P]H�L�P�]HYP�TH[LYPHSP�PTWPLNH[P�WLY�SH�JVZ[Y\aPVUL��JVUKPaPVULYHUUV�SH�X\HU[P[n�L�X\HSP[n�KLS�TPLSL�X\HSL�WYVKV[[V�ÄUHSL�L�SH�Z[LZZH�]P[H�KLSSH�JVSVUPH�KP�HWP��3»HWPJVS[\YH�OH�YHKPJP�TVS[V�HU[PJOL�L�PS�TVKV�PU�J\P�]PLUL�WYH[PJH[H�UVU�u�T\[H[V�NYHUJOt�JVU�PS�WHZZHYL�KLS�[LTWV��Ï�\U»H[[P]P[n�JOL�UVU�u�THP�Z[H[H�PUK\Z[YPHSPaaH[H��L�JOL�WLY�MVY[\UH�UVU�WV[Yn�THP�LZZLYSV��WVPJOt�SL�THJJOPUL�UVU�ZHYLIILYV�PU�NYHKV�KP�ZVZ[P[\PYL�PS�SH]VYV�WHaPLU[L�L�JLY[VZPUV�KLSS»HWPJVS[VYL��,NSP� OH� SH� NYHU� MVY[\UH� KP� H]LYL� PS� JVTWP[V� KP� WYVJ\YHYL� HSSL� HWP� YPJV]LYV� L� J\YL��]LNSPHUKV�Z\�KP� SVYV��HJJ\KLUKVSL�L�YPZWL[[HUKVSL��ILU�JVUZJPV�JOL�SH� SVYV�TVY[L�LX\P]HYYLIIL�H�\U�THUJH[V�YHJJVS[V�KLP�SVYV�WYVKV[[P��:VUV� JVU]PU[V� JOL� S»HWPJVS[VYL�� NYHaPL� HS� Z\V� SH]VYV�� WVZZPLKH� \UH� ZLUZPIPSP[n�THNNPVYL�]LYZV� S»HTIPLU[L�JOL�JP�JPYJVUKH�L�]LYZV�NSP�HUPTHSP� PU�NLULYHSL�L�JOL��NYHK\HSTLU[L��X\LZ[V�[PWV�KP�YPZWL[[V�ULSSH�YLSHaPVUL�[YH�\VTV�L�HWL��WVY[LYn�S»\VTV�Z[LZZV�H�PU[LYHNPYL�PU�TVKV�HUHSVNV�JVU�SL�HS[YL�MVYTL�KP�]P[H�L�S»PU[LYH�UH[\YH�

(WPHYPV!�PUZPLTL�KP�HS]LHYP�ZP[\H[P�PU�\U�KL[LYTPUH[V�S\VNV�10

La casa delle api01Le api depositarie della nostra storia

0S�[LSHPUV�u�\U»PUUV]HaPVUL�JOL�OH�WLYTLZZV�HSS»\VTV�KP�JVU[YVSSHYL�PS�SH]VYV���KLSS»HWL��ZLUaH�KPZ[\YIHYSH�LJJLZZP]HTLU[L��

-PUV�H�UVU�TVS[P�HUUP�MH��PUMH[[P��WLY�WYLSL]HYL�PS�TPLSL�]LUP]HUV�\JJPZL�[\[[L�SL�HWP�

3»HS]LHYL�u�SH�JHZH�JOL�S»\VTV�OH�ZJLS[V�WLY�VZWP[HYL�SL�HWP��/H�SH�MVYTH�KP�\UH�ZJH[VSH�KP�SLNUV��HS�J\P�PU[LYUV�ZVUV�Z[H[P�PUZLYP[P�KPLJP�[LSHPUP��KV]L�SL�HWP�JVZ[Y\PZJVUV�P�SVYV�MH]P��5LS�TLZL�KP�THNNPV��TVTLU[V�KP�THZZPTV�ZWSLUKVYL�WLY�SH�MHTPNSPH��SH�WVWVSHaPVUL�KP]LU[H�U\TLYVZPZZPTH!�JPYJH��������[YH�HWP�VWLYHPL��������M\JOP�L�\UH�YLNPUH�

12

<UH� ZLTWSPJL� PU]LUaPVUL�di enorme importanza

�3HUNOZ[YVU�������3»HWPJVS[\YH� H[[\HSTLU[L��]PLUL�WYH[PJH[H�JVU�YPZ\S[H[P�eccellenti nel pieno e

naturale rispetto delle api.

Nella foto un telaino

“mangiato” dalle api.

In determinati periodi le api

non costruiscono la cera

L¯�X\LZ[V�u�PS�YPZ\S[H[V�

<U� [LSHPUV� WHY[PJVSHYL!� PS� [LSHPUV� [YHWWVSH� �4PJOLSL�Campero).

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14

Le api in natura costruiscono da sole la loro

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La formazione delle giovani api

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Un interessante sistema di formazione, porta le api operaie da poco nate a

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0� M\JOP� VS[YL� H� MLJVUKHYL� SL� YLNPUL�� JVSSHIVYHUV� HSSH� ]P[H� KLSS»HS]LHYL� WYVK\JLUKV�JHSVYL��\[PSL�HSSL� SHY]L�L�WYV]]LKLUKV�HSSH�KL\TPKPÄJHaPVUL�KLS�TPLSL� PUZPLTL�HSSL�api operaie.

Un simbolo di immortalità

22

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+HS� ZLZ[V�HS� [YLKPJLZPTV�NPVYUV��TH[\YHUV� SL�NOPHUKVSL�JOL�ZLJLYUVUV� SH�WHWWH�YLHSL��S»HWL�KP]LU[H�X\PUKP�U\[YPJL�KLSSL�NPV]HUP�HWP�L�KLSSH�YLNPUH��:P�VJJ\WH�PUVS[YL�KLSS»PTTHNHaaPUHTLU[V�KLSSL�WYV]]PZ[L�KP�WVSSPUL�L�TPLSL�

26

+HS�]LU[LZPTV�NPVYUV�KP]LU[H�HWL�N\HYKPHUH��WYV[LNNLYn�S»PUNYLZZV�KLSS»HS]LHYL�L�KPMLUKLYn�SH�MHTPNSPH�KH�L]LU[\HSP�PU[Y\ZP�

+HS�]LU[PK\LZPTV�NPVYUV�PU�WVP�S»HWL�KP]LU[H�IV[[PUH[YPJL��JPVu�YHJJVNSP[YPJL�KP�WVSSPUL!�KHSSH�WYPTH]LYH�H�ÄUL�LZ[H[L�]LYYHUUV�PU[YHWYLZP�����TPSPVUP�KP�]PHNNP�L�YHJJVS[P�WHaPLU[LTLU[L�JPYJH�[YLU[H�JOPSVNYHTTP�

Centaurea nigrescens

0S�UL[[HYL!�JPYJH�[YLJLU[V�JOPSVNYHTTP�HUU\P�WLY�MHTPNSPH��LX\P]HSLU[P�H�ZL[[L�TPSPVUP�KP�]PHNNP�L�]LU[P�TPSPVUP�KP�JOPSVTL[YP�]VSH[P�

Scabiosa trianda

3H�WYVWVSP!�Z]HYPH[P�L[[P�]LYYHUUV�YHJJVS[P�ULS�WLYPVKV�WYPTH]LYPSL�LK�LZ[P]V�

3»HJX\H!�KLJPUL�ZVUV�P�SP[YP�YHJJVS[P�KHSSL�HJX\HPVSL�

Il più delle volte morirà nell’adempimento del suo dovere.Il suo peso sarà diminuito di circa un quarto.

...qualcuno ritiene che nelle apivi sia parte della mente divina,\U�ZVMÄV�KP�PUÄUP[V�perché la divinità penetra dovunque,nelle terre, negli spazi di mare,nella profondità del cielo;da lei chiunque nasca,NYLNNP��HYTLU[P��\VTPUP��VNUP�ZWLJPL�KP�ÄLYL�H[[PUNL�SH�Z\H�LMÄTLYH�]P[H"poi, dissolto, ogni essere ritorna e si rimette a lei:non esiste la morte,vivo vola nel novero degli astriassurgendo all’immensità del cielo.

=PYNPSPV��3L�.LVYNPJOL�¶�3PIYV�0=!�(WP�L�ÄVYP

Eriobotrya japanica

+VWV� SH�W\SPaPH�KLSSL�JLSSL�� SH�U\[YPaPVUL�KLSSH�JV]H[H�� SH�JVZ[Y\aPVUL�KLSSL�JLSSL[[L�L� SH� KPMLZH� KLSS»HS]LHYL�� SH� YPTHULU[L� WHY[L� KLSSH� ]P[H� KLSS»HWL� VWLYHPH� �JPYJH� SH�TL[n��� u�WLY� PZ[PU[V�JHYH[[LYPaaH[H�KHSSH�ULJLZZP[n�KP� JVUVZJLYL� PS� [LYYP[VYPV�JOL� SH�JPYJVUKH��3L�LZWSVYHaPVUP�JOL�SL�HWP�ZV]LU[L�JVTWPVUV�PU�NY\WWV��ZVUV�KL[[L�¸]VSP�KP�VYPLU[HTLU[V¹��*OPHTH[P�HUJOL�̧ ]VSP�KP�NPVPH¹��ZVUV�KP�IYL]L�K\YH[H��H]]LUNVUV�PU�TVKV�JVSSL[[P]V�L�S»HWPJVS[VYL�H�]VS[L�SP�W\~�JVUMVUKLYL�JVU�[LU[H[P]P�KP�ZHJJOLNNPV��3L�NPV]HUP�IV[[PUH[YPJP�KP]LU[HUV��JVU�PS�WHZZHYL�KLS�[LTWV��ZLTWYL�WP��HIPSP�L�WP��HSSLUH[L�� HYYP]HUKV� H� JVUVZJLYL�THNNPVYTLU[L� PS� SVYV� [LYYP[VYPV�� =LUNVUV� HP\[H[L�PU� ]VSV�KHSSL� HWP�IV[[PUH[YPJP� LZWLY[L� L� YPJOPHTH[L�H[[YH]LYZV� SL� ZVZ[HUaL�VKVYVZL�LTLZZL�KHSSH�NOPHUKVSH�KP�5HZVUV]�KLSSL�HWP�HUaPHUL�� PU� SVYV�H[[LZH��HSS»PUNYLZZV�KLSS»HS]LHYL��([SL[L�Z[YHVYKPUHYPL��IH[[VUV�SL�HSP�K\LJLU[V�]VS[L�HS�ZLJVUKV�L�ZÄKHUKV�PS�]LU[V�L�SL�PU[LTWLYPL�]VSHUV�HUJOL�ZV[[V�SH�WPVNNPH��[YHZWVY[HUKV�JHYPJOP�WLZHU[P��Un perfetto sistema di orientamento le riporta alla loro dimora. Con il terzo paio di

zampe, raccolgono nelle “cestella” il polline e, nella borsa melaria, il nettare.

5VU�u�YHYV�VZZLY]HYL�S»HWL�IV[[PUH[YPJL��Z[YHJHYPJH�KP�WVSSPUL��HYYP]HYL�Z[YLTH[H�ULP�WYLZZP�KLSS»HS]LHYL��YPWVZHYZP��L�WVP�YPWHY[PYL�WLY�WVY[HYL�H�JVTWPTLU[V�PS�Z\V�SH]VYV��3L�IV[[PUH[YPJP�JVWYVUV�JVU�P�SVYV�]PHNNP�KPZ[HUaL�UV[L]VSP��WHZZHUKV�KP�ÄVYL�PU�ÄVYL�JVU�S»HNPSP[n�KP�\U�LZWLY[V�HYYHTWPJH[VYL��.YHaPL�HSSH�Z[Y\[[\YH�HUH[VTPJH�KLSSH�WHY[L�ÄUHSL�KLSSL�aHTWL��WYL[HYZPV���KV[H[V�KP�KPZWVZP[P]P�WYLUZPSP�L�HKLZP]P��\UNOPL�L�HYVSPV���WVZZVUV�YLZ[HYL�ZVZWLZL�PU�X\HSZPHZP�WVZPaPVUL�L�Z\�X\HSZPHZP�Z\WLYÄJPL�

Il salice regala alle api un ottimo raccolto di polline.

Ï�\U�ÄVYL�TVS[V�ZLTWSPJL��WVJV�]PZPIPSL��TH�KP�\UH�ILSSLaaH�\UPJH�34

Salix purpurea

(SSH�ZJVWLY[H�KLS�TVUKV�LZ[LYUV

0S�]VSV�KLSSL�HWP03

0S�YHNNPV�KP�]VSV�KP�\U»HWL�IV[[PUH[YPJL��]HYPH�KHP�K\L�HP�X\H[[YV�JOPSVTL[YP��TH�LZZH�W\~�HSSVU[HUHYZP�TVS[V�KP�WP����TLU[YL�X\LSSV�KLS�M\JV�W\~�YHNNP\UNLYL�L�Z\WLYHYL�P�KPLJP�JOPSVTL[YP��3»HWL�YLNPUH�]VSH�ZVSHTLU[L�PU�VJJHZPVUL�KLS�]VSV�U\aPHSL�L�KLSSH�ZJPHTH[\YH�

Centaurea nigrescens

3»HWL�TLSSPMLYH�W\~�]VSHYL�HUJOL�WLY�KPLJP�JOPSVTL[YP�PU�SPULH�K»HYPH��9PZJOPH�WLY~�KP�HUKHYL�PU�WLYKP[H��JPVu�JVUZ\TH�WP��KP�X\LSSV�JOL�YHJJVNSPL��<UH�MHTPNSPH�K»HWP��[LVYPJHTLU[L��u�PU�NYHKV�KP�JVWYPYL�\U»HYLH�KP�JPYJH�[YLJLU[V�JOPSVTL[YP�X\HKYH[P�ULP�KPU[VYUP�KLS�WYVWYPV�UPKV�

Malus domestica

0U�\UH�NPVYUH[H�\U»HWL�W\~�]PZP[HYL�JPYJH�������ÄVYP�

Salix purpurea

4VS[L�KLSSL�H[[P]P[n�PUKPZWLUZHIPSP�WLY�SH�ZVJPL[n�KLSSL�HWP��ZVUV�Z[YL[[HTLU[L�SLNH[L�HSSH�SVYV�JHWHJP[n�KP�]VSHYL�3»HWL�u�KV[H[H�KP�K\L�WHPH�KP�HSP��\UP[L�ULS�]VSV�KH�KLNSP�\UJPUP�JOPHTH[P�OHT\SP�

Centaurea nigriscens

0S�YVUaPV�KLSSL�HWP�u�WYVKV[[V�KHSSL�]PIYHaPVUP�KLSSL�SVYV�HSP!�JPYJH�K\LJLU[V�VZJPSSHaPVUP�HS�ZLJVUKV�

/LSPHU[O\Z�HUU\\Z

(WL�PU�MHZL�KP�KLJVSSV�KVWV�H]LY�IV[[PUH[V��

Anemone nemorosa

Salix sp.

3L�HSP�ZVUV� PTWPLNH[L�HUJOL�WLY�YLNVSHYL� SH�[LTWLYH[\YH�HSS»PU[LYUV�KLNSP�HS]LHYP�L�WLY� SH�WYVK\aPVUL�KLP�Z\VUP�K\YHU[L�SL�]HYPL�KHUaL��([[YH]LYZV� SL� HSP�� SL� HWP� KPMMVUKVUV� ULSS»HYPH�U\TLYVZL�ZVZ[HUaL�JOPTPJOL�VKVYVZL�

6S[YL� HSSH� SVYV� Z[YHVYKPUHYPH� JHWHJP[n� KP� ]VSHYL�� SL� HWP� WVZZPLKVUV�\UH�WHY[PJVSHYL�YPJJOLaaH�KP�VYNHUP�ZLUZVYPHSP�WYLZLU[P�Z\SSH�J\[L�KLS�JVYWV�L�PU�WHY[PJVSHYL�Z\S�JHWV!�� K\L�VJJOP�JVTWVZ[P��MVYTH[P�KH���������VTTH[PKP��VNU\UV�KLP�X\HSP�WLYJLWPZJL�� \UH�ZLaPVUL�K»PTTHNPUL���� [YL�VJJOP�ZLTWSPJP��VJLSSP���KPZWVZ[P�H�[YPHUNVSV�Z\S�JHWV�JOL�ZLY]VUV�H�TPZ\YHYL�� S»PU[LUZP[n�KLSSH�S\JL���� K\L�HU[LUUL�VYPLU[HIPSP��JOL�WLYJLWPZJVUV�ZLUZHaPVUP�[H[[PSP��VSMH[[P]L��N\Z[H[P]L��� [LYTPJOL� L� ZVUV� ZLUZPIPSP� HS� NYHKV� KP� \TPKP[n�� <UH� ]LYH� L� WYVWYPH� JLU[YHSL�� JVTW\[LYPaaH[H��JOL�N\PKH�S»HWL�ULSSL�Z\L�Z[YHVYKPUHYPL�H]]LU[\YL�

3L�HWP�JVT\UPJHUV�TLZZHNNP�WYLJPZP�HSSL�JVTWHNUL�HSS»PU[LYUV�KLSS»HS]LHYL�PU�K\L�TVKP!�JOPTPJHTLU[L��TLKPHU[L�P�MLYVYTVUP�L�ÄZPJHTLU[L��TLKPHU[L�S»\ZV�KP�̧ KHUaL¹�8\LZ[V�ZJHTIPV�K»PUMVYTHaPVUP�PU�TVKV�JVU[PU\V��MH�ZP�JOL�JPYJH��������PUKP]PK\P�ZPHUV� JVZ[HU[LTLU[L� YHNNP\U[P� KH� TLZZHNNP�� 0U]PHUKV� PUMVYTHaPVUP� JOPTPJOL�H[[YH]LYZV�P�MLYVTVUP��KHUaHUKV�Z\P�MH]P��WLYJLWLUKV�]PIYHaPVUP��Y\TVYP�L�VKVYP��LZZL�JVT\UPJHUV�JVU�\U»LMÄJHJPH�Z[YHVYKPUHYPH��THU[LULUKV�JVLZH�SH�MHTPNSPH��3»\VTV� W\Y� WVZZLKLUKV� ;=�� JVTW\[LY�� [LSLMVUP� L� JHY[H� Z[HTWH[H�� UVU� ZHYLIIL�PU� NYHKV� KP� YHNNP\UNLYL� PS� SP]LSSV� KP� LMÄJPLUaH� JOL� SH� MHTPNSPH� KLSSL� HWP� WVZZPLKL��<UH�JP[[n�JVTL�7VYKLUVUL��HK�LZLTWPV��MH[PJOLYLIIL�UVU�WVJV�HK�PU]PHYL�HUJOL�\U»LZPN\H�X\HU[P[n�KP�TLZZHNNP��JVU� SH�JLY[LaaH�JOL�]LUNHUV� YPJL]\[P�KH� [\[[L� SL�MHTPNSPL�7LY� PUKPJHYL� HSSL� JVTWHNUL� IV[[PUH[YPJP� P� S\VNOP� KP� YHJJVS[H�� \ZHUV� \U� SPUN\HNNPV�KP� [PWV� ÄZPJV�� SL� JVZPKKL[[L� ¸KHUaL¹�� JVTWVZ[V� KH� \U� JVKPJL� NLZ[\HSL� MH[[V� KP�JVYLVNYHTTP��JOL�ZVZ[P[\PZJL�SL�WHYVSL��2HYS�]VU�-YPZJO��*VU�SH�¸KHUaH�JPYJVSHYL¹�LZZL�JVT\UPJHUV�SH�YHJJVS[H�KP�UL[[HYL�]PJPUV�HSS»HWPHYPV��3H�IV[[PUH[YPJL�THYJH�P�ÄVYP�JVU�\U�MLYVTVUL�ZLJYL[V�KLSSH�NOPHUKVSH�KP�5HZVUV]"�YHJJVNSPL�PS�UL[[HYL�L�PS�WVSSPUL��WLY�WVP�YPLU[YHYL�ULSS»HS]LHYL��+VWVKPJOt��ZJHYPJH�NYHU�WHY[L�KLS�YHJJVS[V�L�PUPaPH�H�KHUaHYL�Z\S�MH]V��KLZJYP]LUKV�JLYJOP�Z[YL[[P�L�]HYPHUKV�ZWLZZV� KPYLaPVUL�� WLY� JVT\UPJHYL� H� [\[[L� SL� IV[[PUH[YPJP� PS� ZLN\LU[L� TLZZHNNPV!�¸<ZJP[L�L�JLYJH[L��ULP�KPU[VYUP�KLSS»HYUPH��\U�JPIV�JVTL�X\LSSV�JOL�]P�OV�WVY[H[V�¹3»PUKPJHaPVUL�KLS�[PWV�KP�ÄVYL�KH�JLYJHYL�u�[YHZTLZZH�TLKPHU[L�S»VKVYL�[YHZWVY[H[V�KHP�WLSP�KLS�JVYWV�L�KHS�UL[[HYL��3H�[YVMMHSSHZZP�L�PS�JVU[H[[V�KLSSL�HU[LUUL�OHUUV�PS�JVTWP[V�KP�[YHZTL[[LYL�X\LZ[P�TLZZHNNP�*VU�SH�¸KHUaH�KLSS»HKKVTL¹��ILU�WP��JVTWSLZZH�KLSSH�WYLJLKLU[L��SL�HWP�ZWPLNHUV�HSSL� JVTWHNUL� UVU� ZVSV� JOL� J»u� KLS� UL[[HYL� TH� HUJOL� S»LZH[[H� WVZPaPVUL� KLSSV�Z[LZZV��0�S\VNOP�KP�HWWYV]]PNPVUHTLU[V�PU�X\LZ[V�JHZV�ZVUV�SVU[HUP�KHSS»HS]LHYL��WP��KP��������TL[YP��L�SH�]PZ[H�L�NSP�VKVYP�UVU�ZVUV�WP��Z\MÄJPLU[P�+VWV� H]LY� KLZJYP[[V� \U� ZLTPJLYJOPV�� S»HWL� JHTIPH� PTWYV]]PZHTLU[L� KPYLaPVUL� L�WLYJVYYL�\U�[YH[[V�YL[[PSPULV�VZJPSSHUKV�S»HKKVTL�H�KLZ[YH�L�ZPUPZ[YH��*VU[PU\H�X\PUKP�SH� KHUaH� [YHJJPHUKV�\U� ZLTPJLYJOPV�KHSSH� WHY[L� VWWVZ[H� L� YPWLYJVYYLUKV� PS� [YH[[V�lineare.

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3H�KHUaH�ZP�YPWL[L�ULSSV�Z[LZZV�W\U[V�WLY�KP]LYZP�TPU\[P��:L�PS�[YH[[V�YL[[PSPULV�u�MH[[V�H�[LZ[H�PU�Z���SH�KPYLaPVUL�ZHYn�X\LSSH�KLS�ZVSL��ZL�H�[LZ[H�PU�NP��ZHYn�X\LSSH�VWWVZ[H�L�X\PUKP�JVU�[\[[L�SL�]HYPHIPSP�KLSS»HUNVSV�NPYV��3H�KPZ[HUaH�LZH[[H��u�JVT\UPJH[H�JVU�SH�MYLX\LUaH�KLSSL�]PIYHaPVUP�L�KLNSP�VZJPSSHTLU[P�KLSS»HKKVTL��(\TLU[HUKV�SH�KPZ[HUaH�KLSSH�MVU[L�KHSS»HS]LHYL��KP�YPÅLZZV�SH�KHUaH�KLSS»LZWSVYH[YPJL��JHTIPH��0UMH[[P��WP��SH�MVU[L�ZP�HSSVU[HUH��WP��SH�KHUaH�u�YHSSLU[H[H!�S»HWL�JVTWPL�P�NPYP�PU�TVKV�WP��SLU[V��VZJPSSHUKV�WLY~�S»HKKVTL�WP��]LSVJLTLU[L�3»HS[LaaH� KLSSH� MVU[L� UL[[HYPMLYH� �WYH[V� V� JPTH� KP� \U� HSILYV��� UVU� ]PLUL� MVYUP[H� WYVIHIPSTLU[L� WLY� Z[PTVSHYL� SL� HWP� H� KPZ[YPI\PYZP�meglio sul territorio.

0�MH]P�KLNSP�HS]LHYP��KP�ZVSP[V��ZVUV�JVZ[Y\P[P�PU�HTIPLU[P�WYP]P�KP�S\JL�JVTL�JH]P[n�HSS»PU[LYUV�KP�HSILYP��ULSSH�YVJJPH�V�ULSSH�Z[LZZH�HYUPH��WLY[HU[V� S»HWL�KL]L� YPJVUVZJLYL�TLZZHNNP� KP� X\LZ[V� [PWV� HS� I\PV� ZVSHTLU[L� � [VJJHUKVZP� JVU� SL� HU[LUUL�� WLYJLWLUKV�NSP� VKVYP�� SL�]PIYHaPVUP�L�P�Y\TVYP��([[YH]LYZV�SL�K\L�KHUaL�ZVWYH�KLZJYP[[L��]LUNVUV�JVT\UPJH[L�SL�WVZPaPVUP�KLSSL�]HYPL�MVU[P�UL[[HYPMLYL��KLS�WVSSPUL��KLSS»HJX\H��KLSSH�WYVWVSP��TH�HUJOL�KLSSL�U\V]L�KPTVYL�K\YHU[L�SH�MHZL�KP�ZJPHTH[\YH�

46

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7LY�YHJJVNSPLYL�\U�JOPSVNYHTTV�KP�TPLSL��SL�HWP�KL]VUV�]PZP[HYL�HSTLUV�KHNSP��������HP�����������KP�ÄVYP��JVTWPLUKV��������]PHNNP��WLY� \UH� KPZ[HUaH� JVTWSLZZP]H� KP� �������� JOPSVTL[YP�� 8\LZ[L� JPMYL� YLUKVUV� MHJPSTLU[L� S»PKLH� KLS� NYHUKL� SH]VYV� KH� LZZL� JVTWP\[VH�MH]VYL�KLSS»HTIPLU[L�

;HYH_HJ\T�VMÄJPUHSL

(�YPWVZV��SL�HWWLUKPJP�IVJJHSP�KLSS»HWL�ZVUV�[LU\[L�YPWPLNH[L�ZV[[V�PS�JHWV��8\HUKV�S»HWL�VWLYHPH�YHJJVNSPL�UL[[HYL�VWW\YL�HJX\H��MVYTH�\UH�ZWLJPL�KP�WYVIVZJPKL�JVZ[P[\P[H�KH�SPN\SH��NHSLL��WHSWP�SHIPHSP��*VU�X\LZ[V�JHUHSL�HZWPYH�P�SPX\PKP�NYHaPL�HK�\UH�KLWYLZZPVUL��8\HUKV�S»HWL�YHJJVNSPL�ZVZ[HUaL�a\JJOLYPUL�ZVSPKL��SL�ZJPVNSPL�JVU�\U�WV»�KP�ZHSP]H�L�SL�HZWPYH�

(JOPSSLH�YVZLV�HSIH

5LP�TVTLU[P�WP��[PLWPKP�KLSSH�NPVYUH[H��HUJOL�PU�\U�TLZL�MYLKKV�JVTL�NLUUHPV��SL�HWP�WVZZVUV�ILULÄJPHYL�K»PU[LYLZZHU[P�ÄVYP[\YL�

1HZTPU\T�U\KPÅVY\T

;YL�WHPH�KP�aHTWL�ZVUV�Z[Y\[[\YL�MVYTPKHIPSP�JOL�JVUZLU[VUV�KP�¸HYYHTWPJHYZP¹�L�HZZ\TLYL�WVZPaPVUP�HJYVIH[PJOL�

3H� SPN\SH� WLYMVYH� S»HTLU[V� KLS� UVJJPVSV� L� PS� WVSSPUL� ZP� SPILYH�ULSS»HYPH�

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<U��������KLSSL�HWP�PU�]VSV�ZVUV�LZWSVYH[YPJP��JVZ[HU[LTLU[L�HSSH�YPJLYJH�KP�U\V]L�aVUL�UL[[HYPMLYL��,ZWSVYHUKV�H�WHSTV�H�WHSTV�[\[[V�PS�[LYYP[VYPV��YPLU[YHUV�ULSS»HS]LHYL�WLY�JVT\UPJHYL�HSSL�HS[YL�HWP�P�S\VNOP�PKVULP�HS�YHJJVS[V�

Salix sp.

3L�HWP�ZP�HSaHUV�PU�]VSV�X\HUKV�SH�[LTWLYH[\YH�HTIPLU[HSL�YHNNP\UNL�P�KVKPJP�NYHKP�

Salix babylonica

3»HWL� IV[[PUH[YPJL� Z\NNL� JPYJH� X\HYHU[H� TPSSPNYHTTP� KP� UL[[HYL� JVU� SH� Z\H� ¸WYVIVZJPKL¹�� WLY� WVP� [YHZMLYPYSV� ULSSH� IVYZH� TLSHYPH��KV]L�]PLUL�HJJ\T\SH[V��8\P� PUPaPH� SH� [YHZMVYTHaPVUL�KH�UL[[HYL�H�TPLSL�NYHaPL�HNSP�LUaPTP��7HY[L�KLS�UL[[HYL�WHZZH�ULSS»PU[LZ[PUV�WLYla sua alimentazione.

3»HWL�L�PS�ÄVYL��ULS�JVYZV�KLP�TPSSLUUP��OHUUV�WLYMLaPVUH[V�SL�WYVWYPL�Z[Y\[[\YL�HUH[VTPJOL�WLY�TPNSPVYHYL�P�SVYV�¸YHWWVY[P¹��3H�UH[\YH�u�PU�JVU[PU\H�L]VS\aPVUL�L�WLYMLaPVUHTLU[V!�S»\VTV�KV]YLIIL�[YHYUL�PUZLNUHTLU[V�L�YPZWL[[HYL�X\LZ[V�Z[YHVYKPUHYPV�LX\PSPIYPV�

:HS]PH�WYH[LUZPZ

3L�IV[[PUH[YPJP�K\YHU[L�PS�NPVYUV�ZVUV�ZVNNL[[L�H�\U�NYHUKL�KPZWLUKPV�LULYNL[PJV�L�ZP�Z[HUJHUV�TVS[V��3H�UV[[L��[YH�P�MH]P��KVYTVUV�WLY�YLJ\WLYHYL��3L�NPV]HUP�HWP�KP�JHZH�KVYTVUV��PU]LJL��TVS[V�TLUV�

Aster sp.

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0�ÄVYP�NPn�IV[[PUH[P�KHSSL�HWP��]LUNVUV�THYJH[P�JVU�\UH�ZVZ[HUaH�VKVYVZH��0U�X\LZ[V�TVKV��LZZP�]LUNVUV�JSHZZPÄJH[P�JVTL�¸NPn�\[PSPaaH[V�WLY�PS�YHJJVS[V¹�L�S»HWL�JOL�ZVWYHNNP\UNL�UVU�ZWYLJH�[LTWV��PUKPYPaaHUKVZP�]LYZV�HS[YP�ÄVYP�

Aster sp.

3»VKVYL�KLP�ÄVYP�]PLUL�WLYJLWP[V�HUJOL�H�NYHUKL�KPZ[HUaH��3H�JVUKPaPVUL�PKLHSL�WLY�SL�HWP�K\YHU[L�PS�YHJJVS[V�u�X\HUKV�\U�Å\ZZV�KP�]LU[V�[YHZWVY[H�PS�WYVM\TV�KLP�ÄVYP�L�SL�PUKPYPaaH�

Malus domestica

5LP�S\VNOP�KP�YHJJVS[H��JP�ZVUV�U\TLYVZL�IV[[PUH[YPJP�HUaPHUL�JOL�]VSHUV�PU�JLYJOPV�LTHUHUKV� \U� VKVYL� KHSSH� NOPHUKVSH� KP� 5HZVUV]�� YPJOPHTHUV� JVZy� SL� NPV]HUP�IV[[PUH[YPJP�[YVWWV�[PTPKL��N\PKHUKVSL�ULP�S\VNOP�KP�YHJJVS[H�8\LZ[V�u�PS�SVYV�TVKV�WLY�LK\JHYL�L�PUZLNUHYL�HNSP�PUKP]PK\P�WP��NPV]HUP�

60

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Centaurea nigrescens

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3L� IV[[PUH[YPJP� KVWV� H]LY� IV[[PUH[V� U\TLYVZPZZPTP� ÄVYP� YPLU[YHUV� ULS� SVYV� HS]LHYL�TH¯�SL�HWP�WYV[LNNVUV�JVU�ZL]LYP[n�S»PU[PTP[n�KLSSH�SVYV�KPTVYH��3»PUNYLZZV�KLSS»HS]LHYL�u�\UH�]LYH�L�WYVWYPH�aVUH�KP�MYVU[PLYH��\UH�KVNHUH�WYLZPKPH[H�KHSSL� HWP� N\HYKPHUL� WYLWVZ[L� HS� JVU[YVSSV� KLSS»LU[YH[H� L� KLSS»\ZJP[H� KLSSL� HWP� L�del loro carico.

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+P]LYZP�MH[[VYP�WLY~��WVZZVUV�WVY[HYL�H�\UH�THNNPVYL�V�TPUVYL�[VSSLYHUaH�KLSSL�HWP�N\HYKPHUL!�HK�LZLTWPV�SL�IV[[PUH[YPJP�JOL�[LU[HUV�S»PUNYLZZV��ZWLZZV�ZVUV�SHZJPH[L�WHZZHYL�W\YJOt�WVY[PUV�X\HSJVZH��UL[[HYL��WVSSPUL��L[J���<UH�THNNPVYL�V�TPUVYL�ZLSL[[P]P[n�KPWLUKL�KHSS»LMÄJPLUaH�KLSSH�YLNPUH!�THNNPVYL�u�S»VYTVUL�THUKPIVSHYL�KH�SLP�YPSHZJPH[V��THNNPVYL�u�PS�JVU[YVSSV�KLSSL�N\HYKPHUL�JOL�PU�HSJ\UP�JHZP�KP]LU[HUV�PU[YHUZPNLU[P�3L�IV[[PUH[YPJP�PU�PUNYLZZV�H�]VS[L�YLZ[HUV�HUJOL�WHYLJJOP�ZLJVUKP�PU�¸MYVU[PLYH¹�WLY�MHYZP� LZHTPUHYL� S»VKVYL��:[\KP�OHUUV� YPSL]H[V�JOL�H\TLU[HUV� SH� SVYV� [LTWLYH[\YH�[VYHJPJH�WLY�PUJYLTLU[HYL�SH�KPMM\ZPVUL�KP�X\LZ[P�ZLNUHSP�VKVYVZP�

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emanata dal sole.

62

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68

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Il polline06

3»HWPJVS[VYL� ¸Y\IH¹� HSSL� HWP� IV[[PUH[YPJP� \U� ���� JPYJH� � KP� WVSSPUL�� 3L� JVZ[YPUNL� H�[YHUZP[HYL��HS�SVYV�YPLU[YV�ULSS»HS]LHYL��H[[YH]LYZV�KLP�TPU\ZJVSP�MVYP��[YHWWVSL�KLS�WVSSPUL��3»PUZL[[V�WLYKLYn�WHY[L�KLS�Z\V�WYLaPVZV�JHYPJV�JOL�JHKYn�PU�HWWVZP[P�JHZZL[[PUP�3H� Z[YH[PÄJHaPVUL� KLS� WVSSPUL� ULP� JHZZL[[P� KLSSL� [YHWWVSL�� JP� MVYUPZJL� \S[LYPVYP�PUMVYTHaPVUP!� u� J\YPVZV�VZZLY]HYL�JVTL�ZPH�KP]LYZHTLU[L� YHJJVS[V� PS� WVSSPUL�ULSSL�]HYPL�VYL�KLSSH�NPVYUH[H��0�ÄVYP�VMMYVUV�PS�SVYV�WVSSPUL�PU�TVKV�WP��JVZWPJ\V�ZVSHTLU[L�PU� KL[LYTPUH[P�TVTLU[P�� X\PUKP� W\~� JHWP[HYL� JOL� PS� WVSSPUL� KLS�TH[[PUV� ZPH� NPHSSV��X\LSSV�KLSSH�WHY[L�JLU[YHSL�]HYPHTLU[L�JVSVYH[V��L�X\LSSV�KLS�[HYKV�WVTLYPNNPV�NYPNPV�*VU�S»HUHSPZP�TLSPZZVWHSPUVSVNPJH�NSP�Z[\KPVZP��VZZLY]HUKV�HS�TPJYVZJVWPV�SL�[YHJJL�KP�WVSSPUL�JVU[LU\[L�PU�\U�JHTWPVUL�KP�TPLSL��WVZZVUV�YPZHSPYL�HSS»VYPNPUL�NLVNYHÄJH�KLS�UL[[HYL�YHJJVS[V��0U�WVJOL�WHYVSL�u�WVZZPIPSL�JHWPYL�ZL�\U�KL[LYTPUH[V�TPLSL�u�Z[H[V�WYVKV[[V�PU�-YP\SP�=LULaPH�.P\SPH��PU�*PUH��VWW\YL�PU�<UNOLYPH��Ï�WVZZPIPSL�PUVS[YL��PUKP]PK\HYL�JVU�WYLJPZPVUL�I\VUH�WHY[L�KP�WPHU[L�IV[[PUH[L�KHSSL�HWP�LZWSVYH[YPJP�L�JVUVZJLYL�X\HSL�LZZLUaH�u�SH�KVTPUHU[L�PU�X\LS�KH[V�[PWV�KP�TPLSL��+H�X\LZ[H�PUKPJHaPVUL�WYLUKL�UVTL�PS�TPLSL��JOL�X\PUKP�ZHYn�JOPHTH[V!�KP�JHZ[HNUV��K»HJHJPH��KP�[PNSPV��KP�[HYHZZHJV��K»HTVYWOH�L[J��:L�UVU�KV]LZZL�LZZLYL�WYLZLU[L�ULZZ\UH�LZZLUaH�KVTPUHU[L��PS�TPLSL�ZHYn�JOPHTH[V�TPSSLÄVYP�WYPTH]LYPSL��VWW\YL�LZ[P]V��H�ZLJVUKH�KLS�WLYPVKV�KP�YHJJVS[H�0�TPU\ZJVSP� NYHULSSPUP�KP�WVSSPUL�JOL�ZWVYJHUV� PS� UL[[HYL� YHJJVS[V�KHSSL�IV[[PUH[YPJP��ZVUV�X\PUKP�S»PTWYVU[H�KPNP[HSL�SHZJPH[H�Z\SSH�ZJLUH�KLS�KLSP[[V!� SH�WYV]H�JOL�SL�HWP�OHUUV� YHJJVS[V� UL[[HYL� WYV]LUPLU[L� KH� X\LSSL� ZWLJPL� ÅVYLHSP� PU� X\LS� KL[LYTPUH[V�territorio.

70

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Salix cinerea

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Salix purpurea

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Bottinatrice aggrappata ad un petalo di girasole, mentre si spazzola il capo con il

secondo paio di zampe.

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Il rientro delle bottinatrici di polline.

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3»HWL�\ZH�\UH�TLKPJPUH�KLS�[\[[V�WHY[PJVSHYL!�SH�WYVWVSP��)V[[PUH[YPJP�ZWLJPHSPaaH[L�PU�X\LZ[V�JVTWP[V��SH�YHJJVSNVUV�KHSSL�NLTTL�KP�WPHU[L�JVTL�HK�LZLTWPV��PS�WPVWWV��S»HIL[L��SH�IL[\SSH��PS�ZHSPJL��S»VSTV��S»VU[HUV��SH�X\LYJPH��L[J�3»HWL�JVU�SL�THUKPIVSL�Z[HJJH�\U�MYHTTLU[V�KP�ZVZ[HUaH�YLZPUVZH�L�SV�HJJ\T\SH�ULSSL�JLZ[LSSL�KLS�WVSSPUL��3H�YHJJVS[H�H]]PLUL�ULSSL�VYL�JLU[YHSP�KLSSH�NPVYUH[H��X\HUKV�SH�[LTWLYH[\YH�u�Z\WLYPVYL�HP�]LU[P�NYHKP�3»HWL� \ZH� SH� WYVWVSP� HSS»PU[LYUV� KLSS»HS]LHYL� WLY� TVS[LWSPJP� ZJVWP�� ;HWWH� [\[[L� SL�MLZZ\YL�KLSS»HYUPH��ÄZZH�P�[LSHPUP�HSSL�IHZP�YLUKLUKVSP�Z[HIPSP��Z[LYPSPaaH�[\[[V�S»PU[LYUV�della casetta per garantirne una perfetta igiene.

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*VU�WYVWVSP�L�JLYH��SL�HWP�YPJVWYVUV�WPJJVSP�HUPTHSP�V�PUZL[[P�JOL��WLUL[YH[P�ULSS»HYUPH�L�KLJLK\[P��UVU�ZVUV�[YHZWVY[HIPSP�HSS»LZ[LYUV!�LZLN\VUV�PU�X\LZ[V�TVKV�\UH�]LYH�L�WYVWYPH�PTIHSZHTHaPVUL�JOL�ISVJJH�P�WYVJLZZP�KP�W\[YLMHaPVUL�KLSS»PU[Y\ZV�5LSS»HU[PJV�,NP[[V�P�ZHJLYKV[P�SH�\ZH]HUV�WLY�T\TTPÄJHYL�SL�ZWVNSPL�KLP�KLM\U[P��.SP� HU[PJOP� .YLJP� SH� YHJJVNSPL]HUV� WLY� TLKPJHTLU[P� LZ[LYUP�� PU� WHY[PJVSHYL� WLY�JPJH[YPaaHYL� MLYP[L� L� WPHNOL�� (� SVYV� ZP� KL]L� S»L[PTVSVNPH� KLSSH� WHYVSH!� WYV�WVSPZ�� PS�J\P� ZPNUPÄJH[V� u!� ¸KH]HU[P� HSSH� JP[[n¹"� X\LZ[V� WLYJOt� SL� HWP�� WLY� YPK\YYL� SV� ZWHaPV�K»PUNYLZZV�KLSS»HS]LHYL��LYPNL]HUV�KLSSL�JVZ[Y\aPVUP�KP�WYVWVSP�*VT»u�UV[V� PS�JLSLIYL�:[YHKP]HYP� SH�\[PSPaaH]H�WLY� P�Z\VP�TLYH]PNSPVZP�]PVSPUP�� P�X\HSP�]LUP]HUV�WYV[L[[P�KH�\U�WHY[PJVSHYL�WYVKV[[V�HY[PNPHUHSL�H�IHZL�WYVWYPV�KP�WYVWVSP��JVU�S»HNNP\U[H�KP�JLYH�L�VSPV�KP�SPUV��

(WL�IV[[PUH[YPJL�ULP�WHZ[PJJP��0S�YHJJVS[V��PUMH[[P��ZP�u�HWWPJJPJH[V�[YH�SL�K\L�aHTWL��YLUKLUKVUL�KPMÄJVS[VZP�P�TV]PTLU[P��=LYYn�HP\[H[H�KHSSL�HWP�KP�JHZH�H�SPILYHYZP�KLS�

fastidioso carico.

82

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La propoli07

3H�IV[[PUH[YPJL�KP�WYVWVSP�PUKP]PK\H�SH�MVU[L�YLZPUVZH�Z\SSL�NLTTL�KLNSP�HSILYP��3H]VYH�JVU�SL�THUKPIVSL�[HSL�ZVZ[HUaH�]PZJOPVZH�L��\UH�]VS[H�Z[HJJH[V�PS�ÄSHTLU[V�JVSSVZV�KHSSH�NLTTH��SV�[YHZWVY[H�HSS»HS]LHYL�PU�\UH�JLZ[LSSH�KH�WVSSPUL��8\P�SH�IV[[PUH[YPJL�]PLUL�HP\[H[H�KH�HS[YL�operaie a liberarsi del suo prezioso carico.

3»HWL� PTWPLNH� SH� WYVWVSP� WLY� K\L� WYPUJPWHSP�\[PSPaaP!� JVTL� TH[LYPHSL� KH� JVZ[Y\aPVUL� L�come antisettico.

Sigilla tutte le fessure e le aperture

PUKLZPKLYH[L� KLSS»HS]LHYL� WLY� JVUZVSPKHYL�L� YPUMVYaHYL� [\[[V� X\LSSV� JOL� HWWHYL� WVJV�stabile.

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.SP�HU[PJOP�\ZH]HUV�\UH�[LJUPJH�HY[PÄJPHSL�WLY� PUK\YYL� SL�HWP�H�WYVK\YYL� SH�WYVWVSP!�TL[[L]HUV�ZVWYH�P�MH]P�\U�WLaaV�KP�JHYUL�JOL�JVU�PS�WHZZHYL�KLP�NPVYUP�ZP�ZHYLIIL�W\[YLMH[[V��S»VJJOPV�KP�\U�VYZV�V�PS�MLNH[V�KP�\U�MHSJV���PUK\JLUKV�PU�X\LZ[V�TVKV�SL�api ad aumentare la produzione di propoli, per impedire la proliferazione batterica.

“Si deve anzitutto cercare per le api un luogo e una dimora,dove non batta il vento……ma vi siano invece accanto sorgenti limpide,stagni verdi di muschio,un ruscello che fugga sottile tra l’erba…”=PYNPSPV�¸3L�.LVYNPJOL¹�3PIYV�0=�<UH� MHTPNSPH� KP� HWP� OH� IPZVNUV�KP� UV[L]VSP� X\HU[P[H[P]P� K»HJX\H�� WLY� YLPU[LNYHYL� P�SPX\PKP�JVYWVYLP�KP�VNUP�ZPUNVSV�PUZL[[V��WLY�JVUMLaPVUHYL�PS�JPIV�WLY�SL�NPV]HUP�SHY]L��WLY�SH�[LYTVYLNVSHaPVUL�PU[LYUH�KLSS»HS]LHYL�L�WLY�S»\TPKPÄJHaPVUL�KLS�TPJYVJSPTH�3H�YPJLYJH�KLSS»HJX\H�u�HMÄKH[H�HSSL�HWP�HJX\HPVSL!�LZZL��JVU�P�SVYV�U\TLYVZP�]PHNNP��HUJOL�JLU[V�PU�\U�NPVYUV���ZJV]HUV�SL�MVU[P�PKYPJOL�PU�YP]H�HP�Ä\TP��[YH�SL�HSNOL��ULSSL�WVaaHUNOLYL�V�Z\SS»LYIH�YLZH�\TPKH�KHSSH�Y\NPHKH�KLS�TH[[PUV�<U�\S[LYPVYL�X\V[H�KP�SPX\PKP�u�PU[YVKV[[H�JVU�PS�UL[[HYL�WYLSL]H[V�KHP�ÄVYP��3L� HJX\HPVSL� YPLU[YHUV� ULSS»HS]LHYL�� KHUaHUV�WLY� PUKPJHYL� SH� MVU[L� [YV]H[H�� X\PUKP�ZJHYPJHUV�PS�SVYV�IV[[PUV�H�UVU�WP��KP�JPUX\L�ZLP�HWP�KP�JHZH��;HU[V�WP��YHWPKHTLU[L�X\LZ[L�\S[PTL�WYLSL]HUV�S»HJX\H�KHSSL�KHUaH[YPJP�� [HU[V�WP��X\LZ[L�ZVUV�PUJP[H[L�H�JVU[PU\HYL�ULSSH�SVYV�YPJLYJH��5LS�JHZV�MH[PJHZZLYV�H�[YV]HYL�HWP�KP�JHZH�KPZWVUPIPSP�H�WYLSL]HYL�S»HJX\H�YHJJVS[H��SH�MYLX\LUaH�KLP�]VSP��KPTPU\PYLIIL��3»HJX\H�PTWVY[H[H�UVU�u�Z[PWH[H�ULSSL�JLSSL[[L��TH�]PLUL�\ZH[H�Z\IP[V��:VSV�PU�JHZP�LJJLaPVUHSP�HSJ\UL�HWP�MHUUV�KH�ZLYIH[VPV�L�ZVZ[HUV�WVJV�H[[P]L�ULSS»HYLH�KP�JV]H[H�0TWVY[HU[L�u�S»\ZV�KLSS»HJX\H�KLZ[PUH[V�HS�YHMMYLKKHTLU[V!�X\LZ[H�]PLUL�KPZ[YPI\P[H�Z\P�MH]P�L��JVU�S»L]HWVYHaPVUL��H]]PLUL�SH�ZV[[YHaPVUL�KP�JHSVYL��3H�]LU[PSHaPVUL�YPTHUL�H[[P]H�WLY�HSSVU[HUHYL�PS�]HWVYL�JOL�ZP�MVYTH�Nella stagione fredda le api aumentano il loro calore corporeo, contraendo i muscoli

delle ali. Scaldano le cellette delle nasciture, semplicemente posando il loro torace

JVU[YV�SH�JLSSH��*VU�SL�HU[LUUL��JVZ[HU[LTLU[L�WVZH[L�Z\SS»VWLYJVSV��JVU[YVSSHUV�SH�[LTWLYH[\YH��SH�W\U[H�KP�X\LZ[L�WVZZPLKL�TVS[P�YLJL[[VYP�KLS�JHSVYL���*VU� SH� [YVMHSSHZZP�� X\LZ[L� HWP�Z[\MH�� ]LUNVUV� YPMVYUP[L� KP� JHYI\YHU[L� �UL[[HYL�� KH�HWWVZP[L�HWP�ZLYIH[VPV��(S[YL�HWP�Z[\MH�Z»PUÄSHUV�ULSSL�JLSSL[[L�]\V[L�� [YH� SH�JV]H[H�opercolata e riscaldano le nasciture nelle sei cellette limitrofe.

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86

L’elemento vitale

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Oltre a nettare e polline, le api raccolgono

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<U�[LTWV�ZP�WLUZH]H�JOL�SH�JLYH�UVU�MVZZL�HS[YV�JOL�SH�[YHZMVYTHaPVUL�KLS�WVSSPUL�fatta dalle api.

.YHaPL�HSSL�VZZLY]HaPVUP�L�HNSP�Z[\KP�MH[[P�ULS������KHS�YPJLYJH[VYL�Z]PaaLYV�/\ILY��L�PU�ZLN\P[V�KH�*SH\Z�ULS�������KH�.YHILY�ULS������L�KH�9VZJO�ULS�� ����ZVUV�Z[H[L�approfondite le conoscenze sul modo in cui le api producono la cera.

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La cera09

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millimetri.

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di sfruttare al meglio lo spazio.

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Glossario

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\UH��PUVS[YL��VNUP�ZPUNVSV�PUKP]PK\V�W\~�HWWHY[LULYL�H�WP��KP�\UH�JH[LUH��JYLHUKV�\UH�]LYH�L�WYVWYPH�YL[L�HSPTLU[HYL�CeraSostanza prodotta dalle api ceraiole, necessaria alla realizzazione

KLP�MH]P�Covata8\HU[P[n�KP�\V]H�KLWVZ[L�KLSSH�YLNPUH�ULP�MH]P�+HUaH�JPYJVSHYL7HY[PJVSHYL�KHUaH�JOL�SL�HWP�IV[[PUH[YPJP�LZLN\VUV�PU�KL[LYTPUH[L�WVYaPVUP�KP�MH]V��HS�ÄUL�KP�PUMVYTHYL�SL�HS[YL�HWP��Z\SSH�WVZPaPVUL�KLP�S\VNOP�KP�YHJJVS[H�]PJPUP�HSS»HS]LHYL�Danza dell’addome7HY[PJVSHYL�KHUaH�JOL�SL�HWP�IV[[PUH[YPJP�LZLN\VUV�PU�KL[LYTPUH[L�WVYaPVUP�KP�MH]V��HS�ÄUL�KP�PUMVYTHYL�SL�HS[YL�HWP�Z\SSH�WVZPaPVUL�KLP�S\VNOP�KP�YHJJVS[H�SVU[HUP�KHSS»HS]LHYL�,JVZPZ[LTP<U�LJVZPZ[LTH�u�\UH�WVYaPVUL�KP�IPVZMLYH�KLSPTP[H[H�UH[\YHSTLU[L��JPVu�S»PUZPLTL�KP�VYNHUPZTP�HUPTHSP�L�]LNL[HSP�JOL�PU[LYHNPZJVUV�[YH�KP�SVYV�VS[YL�JOL�JVU�S»HTIPLU[L�JOL�SP�JPYJVUKH�EnzimiSono i catalizzatori dei sistemi biologici, facilitano le reazioni

JOPTPJOL�Estinzione:P�JOPHTH�LZ[PUaPVUL��SH�ZJVTWHYZH�KP�\UH�KL[LYTPUH[H�ZWLJPL�KP�VYNHUPZTP�]P]LU[P��8\LZ[V�[PWV�KP�WYVJLZZV�u�PYYL]LYZPIPSL�,[n�ULVSP[PJH0S� ULVSP[PJV� u� \U� WLYPVKV� KLSSH� WYLPZ[VYPH�� S»\S[PTV� KLP� [YL� JOL�JVZ[P[\PZJVUV�S»L[n�KLSSH�WPL[YH�Feromoni:VZ[HUaL�JOPTPJOL��WYVKV[[L�LK�ZLJYL[L� PU�WHY[PJVSHY�TVKV�KH�PUZL[[P��JOL�ZVUV�PU�NYHKV�KP�Z\ZJP[HYL�KLSSL�YLHaPVUP�ZWLJPÄJOL�KP� [PWV� ÄZPVSVNPJV� L�V� JVTWVY[HTLU[HSL� PU� HS[YP� PUKP]PK\P� KLSSH�Z[LZZH�ZWLJPL�JOL�]LUNVUV�H�JVU[H[[V�JVU�LZZL�-\JOP4HZJOP�KLSSL�HWP��:LY]VUV�HSSH�MLJVUKHaPVUL�KLSSH�YLNPUH!�SH�SVYV�X\HU[P[n� u� Z[PTH[H� PU[VYUV� HSSL� ������ \UP[n�� HSS»PU[LYUV� KP� \UH�famiglia.

Gemme.LYTVNSP�PU�]PH�KP�Z]PS\WWV��KH�J\P�WVZZVUV�H]LYL�VYPNPUL�MVNSPL��YHTP��ÄVYP�.OPHUKVSH�KP�5HZVUV]7HY[PJVSHYL� NOPHUKVSH� WYLZLU[L� ULSSH� WHY[L� ÄUHSL� KLSS»HKKVTL�KLSSL�HWP�VWLYHPL��JOL�OH�M\UaPVUL�KP�YPJOPHTV�.OPHUKVSH�]LSLUPMLYHPS� W\UNPNSPVUL� u� JVSSLNH[V� H� KLSSL� NOPHUKVSL� �HJPKH� L� HSJHSPUH���HSS»PU[LYUV�KLSSL�X\HSP�]PLUL�WYVKV[[V�PS�]LSLUV��.OPHUKVSL�PWVMHYPUNLL.OPHUKVSL� JOL� ZLJLYUVUV� SH� WHWWH� YLHSL�� :VUV� WYLZLU[P� ZVSV�nelle api operaie.

.OPHUKVSL�JLYPWHYL

.OPHUKVSL�JOL�WYVK\JVUV� SH�JLYH��ZP[\H[L�ULSSH�WHY[L�HU[LYPVYL�KLNSP�Z[LYUP[P�KLSS»HKKVTL�.OPHUKVSL�THUKPIVSHYP5LSSH�YLNPUH��X\LZ[L�NOPHUKVSL�ZLJLYUVUV�S»VYTVUL��JOL�HZZPJ\YH�la coesione della colonia e stabilizza le api di corte.

5LSS»VWLYHPH�PU]LJL��ZLJLYUL�PS���LW[HUVUL��MLYVYTVUL�KP�HSSHYTL�(ape guardiana con le mandibole spalancate).

Guanti([[YLaaP�\ZH[P�KHSS»HWPJVS[VYL�HS� ÄUL�KP�WYV[LNNLYZP�KH�L]LU[\HSP�punture.

Hamuli:[Y\[[\YL�HUH[VTPJOL�H�MVYTH�KP�\UJPUV�JOL�SL�HWP�\ZHUV�PU�]VSV�per unire le due ali.

0ZVWLU[PSHJL[H[V-LYVTVUL�KP�HSSHYTL�JOL�SL�HWP�N\HYKPHUL�LTL[[VUV�JVU�SV�ZJVWV�KP�YPJOPHTHYL�HS[YL�HWP�Z\SS»VIPL[[P]V�Larva:[HKPV�KLSSH�JYLZJP[H�KLSS»HWL��KVWV�SH�ZJOP\ZH�KLSS»\V]V�L�WYPTH�KLSS»VWLYJVSH[\YH�KLSSH�JLSSH��JOL�]H�KHS����HS� ��NPVYUV�Ligula, galee, palpi labiali:[Y\[[\YL�HUH[VTPJOL�JOL�]HUUV�H�MVYTHYL�S»HWWHYH[V�SHTILU[L�Z\JJOPHU[L�KLSS»HWL�Livenza-P\TL�JOL�UHZJL�H�7VSJLUPNV�L�ZMVJPH�H�*HVYSL�

126

4HZJOLYH+PZWVZP[P]V� KP� WYV[LaPVUL� KLSS»HWPJVS[VYL� KH� L]LU[\HSP� W\U[\YL�KLSS»HWL�4LZJOPV(MÅ\LU[L�KP�KLZ[YH�KLS�Ä\TL�3P]LUaH�Metamorfosi;YHZMVYTHaPVUL�JOL�H]]PLUL�WYPTH�KLSSH�UHZJP[H�KLSS»HWL��ULSSH�celletta opercolata.

Miele:VZ[HUaH� YHJJVS[H� KHSSL� HWP� Z\P� UL[[HYP� KLP� ÄVYP� �UL[[HYL�� LK�eleborata, grazie ai numerosi passaggi (trofallassi) del nettare

tra le api, grazie a particolari enzimi (miele).

6JLSSP(�KPMMLYLUaH�KLNSP�VJJOP�JVTWVZ[P��NSP�VJLSSP�UVU�YPJL]VUV�PTTHNPUP��ILUZy�YLHNPZJVUV�HSS»PU[LUZP[n�KLSSH�S\JL�L�WLYJLWPZJVUV�SH�S\JL�WVSHYPaaH[H��8\LZ[H�WYVWYPL[n�u�KP�MVUKHTLU[HSL�PTWVY[HUaH�WLY�S»VYPLU[HTLU[V�KLNSP� PUZL[[P�� PU�X\HU[V� SH�WLYJLaPVUL�KLSSH� S\JL�WVSHYPaaH[H� WLYTL[[L� SVYV� KP� PUKP]PK\HYL� SH� WVZPaPVUL� KLS� ZVSL�HUJOL�PU�JVUKPaPVUP�KP�U\]VSVZP[n�Ommatidi-VYTHUV�S»VJJOPV�JVTWVZ[V��7LYJLWPZJVUV�ZVSV�P�YHNNP�WHYHSSLSP�HS� SVYV� HZZL� L� S»PTTHNPUL� ZP� JVTWVUL� H� TVZHPJV�� 8\LZ[H�M\UaPVUHSP[n�WLYTL[[L�SH�WLYJLaPVUL�KP�\U»PTTHNPUL�UP[PKH��ZVSV�PU�JVUKPaPVUP�KP�LSL]H[H�S\TPUVZP[n�6WLYJVSH[\YH8\HUKV�SH�SHY]H�NP\UNL�H�TH[\YHaPVUL��SL�HWP�JLYHPVSL�[HWWHUV�SH�JLSSL[[H�� �NPVYUV��WLY�SH�TL[HTVYMVZP�Orzaia

(MÅ\LU[L�KP�ZPUPZ[YH��KLS�Ä\TL�3P]LUaHOvario6YNHUV�YPWYVK\[[P]V�KLSS»HWL�YLNPUHPaisa(MÅ\LU[L�KP�ZPUPZ[YH�KLS�Ä\TL�3P]LUaHPappa reale o gelatina realeAlimento destinato alla regina nei primi tre giorni dello stadio

SHY]HSL��]PLUL�WYVKV[[V�KHSSL�NPV]HUP�HWP�KP�JHZH�Polline7HY[PJVSHYL�ZVZ[HUaH�YHJJVS[H�KHSSL�HWP�IV[[PUH[YPJP�Z\P�ÄVYP�

Predatori(UPTHSP�JOL�WLY�U\[YPYZP��ZP�JPIHUV�KP�HS[YP�HUPTHSP�Pretarsio<S[PTV�ZLNTLU[V�KLSSL�aHTWL�KLSS»HWL�PropoliParticolare sostanza resinosa, raccolta dalle api bottinatrici sulle

gemme degli alberi

Pungiglione(WWHYH[V� KPMLUZP]V� WYLZLU[L� ULSSL� HWP� VWLYHPL� L� ULSSH� YLNPUH��MVYTH[V�KH�NOPHUKVSL�]LSLUPMLYL� SL�X\HSP� ZVUV�JVUULZZL�JVU� PS�pungiglione.

:HJPSL:[VYPJH�JP[[HKPUH�Z\SSL�YP]L�KLS�Ä\TL�3P]LUaH��ULSSH�7YV]PUJPH�KP�Pordenone.

:JPHTH[\YHRiproduzione della famiglia delle api.

(]]PLUL�ULP�TLZP�KP�THNNPV�NP\NUV��Ï�PS�JVZPKKL[[V�¸WHY[V�KLSSL�api”.

:JPHTL�ZLS]H[PJV5\JSLV�KP�HWP�JOL�OH�JVZ[Y\P[V�SH�WYVWYPH�KPTVYH�PU�\U�HTIPLU[L�naturale.

SfarfallateNate, uscite dalla cella.

Smorte di Cavolano, San Giovanni di LivenzaAVUL�UH[\YHSPZ[PJOL�ULS�*VT\UL�KP�:HJPSL�:WLJJOP�KLSSH�JLYH7HY[PJVSHYP�Z[Y\[[\YL�HUH[VTPJOL��WVZ[L�ZV[[V�S»HKKVTL�KLSSL�HWP�operaie.

Stame7HY[L�MLY[PSL�THZJOPSL�KLS�ÄVYL�:[YLNNOPLParticolare struttura anatomica presente nel primo paio di

zampe, utile per la pulizia delle antenne.

Telaino:[Y\[[\YH�KP�SLNUV�YLHSPaaH[V�KHSS»\VTV��PU�J\P�u�WVZZPIPSL�PUZLYPYL�\U�MVNSPV�KP�JLYH��KV]L�SL�HWP�JVZ[Y\PZJVUV�PS�SVYV�MH]V��Facilmente estraibile e riposizionabile, garantisce il controllo

HSS»HWPJVS[VYL�

Telaino trappola7HY[PJVSHYL�[LSHPUV�JOL�S»\VTV�OH�YLHSPaaH[V��4��*HTWLYV���HS�ÄUL�KP�PU[YHWWVSHYL�S»HJHYV�WHYHZZP[H�]HYYVH��ULSSL�JLSSL�KLP�M\JOP�Termoregolazione([[P]P[n�KLSSL�HWP��]VS[H�HS�ÄUL�KP�YLNVSHYL�SH�[LTWLYH[\YH�HSS»PU[LYUV�KLSS»HS]LHYL�TorbaÏ� \U� KLWVZP[V� JVTWVZ[V� KP� YLZ[P� ]LNL[HSP� L� HUPTHSP�� ZP[\H[P�PU� WYVMVUKP[n� L� PTWYLNUH[P� K»HJX\H� JOL�� H� JH\ZH� KLSS»HJPKP[n�KLSS»HTIPLU[L��UVU�WVZZVUV�KLJVTWVYZP�PU[LYHTLU[L�TrofallassiScambio di nettare di bocca in bocca da parte delle api.

<UNOPL�L�HYVSPV7HY[PJVSHYP� KPZWVZP[P]P� HUH[VTPJP�� JOL� WLYTL[[VUV� HSS»HWL� KP�HNNYHWWHYZP�Z\�X\HSZPHZP�Z\WLYÄJPL�Uovo0S� WYPTV� Z[HKPV� KLSSH� NPV]HUL� HWL�� 3L� \V]H� ]LUNVUV� KLWVZ[L�KHSSH�YLNPUH��+VWV�[YL�NPVYUP�ZP�ZJOP\KVUV�L�UL�M\VYPLZJL�SH�SHY]H��KVWV�UV]L�NPVYUP�]PLUL�VWLYJVSH[H�SH�JLSSL[[H�3»HWL�JVTWSL[H�UHZJL�HS�����NPVYUV�Val GrandeZona naturalistica nel comune di Fontanafredda (PN)

Voli di esplorazione7YPTP� ]VSP� LZWSVYH[P]P�� ZLY]VUV� HK� HKKLZ[YHYL� SL� M\[\YL� HWP�bottinatrici

Volo nuziale=VSV�JOL�JVTWPL�SH�YLNPUH�WLY�SH�MLJVUKHaPVUL�Zampe3L�HWP�OHUUV�[YL�WHPH�KP�aHTWL��ZWLJPHSPaaH[L�WLY�SL�]HYPL�M\UaPVUP��� 3L�HU[LYPVYP�WYLZLU[HUV�KLSSL� S\UNOL�ZL[VSL�JOL�ZLY]VUV�WLY� SH�W\SPaPH�KLNSP�VJJOP�JVTWVZ[P�L�SL�Z[YLNNOPL�\[PSPZZPTL�WLY�SH� pulizia delle antenne.

- Le medie sono caratterizzate dalla presenza di uno sperone

utile sembra per il distacco della pallottolina di polline.

� 7YLZLU[HUV�PUVS[YL�S\UNOL�ZL[VSL�WLY�SH�W\SPaPH�KLS�[VYHJL��� 3L�WVZ[LYPVYP�OHUUV�KLSSL�Z[Y\[[\YL�PTWVY[HU[P��WL[[PUL��H\YPJVSH�� spazzola e cestelle) per la formazione delle pallottole di polline

e per il loro trasporto.

Testi di riferimento

� (\[VYP�]HYP�¶�¸7LYJVYZP�KP�LK\JHaPVUL�HSPTLU[HYL�L�HTIPLU[HSL¹ Legambiente 1990

� )VY[VSPU�9��¶�¸(YJOLVSVNPH�KLS�TPLSL¹ SAP 2008

� *HTWLYV�4��¶�¸(WPJVS[\YH�SVNPJH�L�YHaPVUHSL¹ FAI 2009

� *LSSP�.��¶�¸3H�TLU[L�KLSS»HWL¹ Editrice Compositori 2008

� *VU[LZZP�(��¶�¸3L�HWP¹ Edizioni agricole 1994

� *VYVUH�4��¶�¸3H�ÄUL�KLS�TVUKV�Z[VY[V¹ Mondadori 2010

� *VZ[HSVUNH�:��L�7H]HU�9��¶�¸-SVYH�KLSSL�aVUL�\TPKL�KLSS»HS[V�� 3P]LUaH¹ Associazione Naturalisti ONLUS Sacile 2001

� *VZ[HYPVS�*��L�7H]HU�9��¶�¸*VUZLY]HaPVUL�KLSSH�-SVYH¹ Associazione Naturalisti ONLUS Sacile 2001

� -YPSSP�-���)HYIH[[PUP�9��L�4PSHUP�5��¶�¸3»HWL�MVYTL�L�M\UaPVUP¹ Calderini edagricole 2001

� -YPZO�2��=��¶�¸5LS�TVUKV�KLSSL�HWP¹ S.T.E.B. Bologna 1951

� 7L[YPUP�*��¶�¸;LYYH�THKYL¹� Giunti 2009

� 7PZ[VPH�(��¶�¸(WPJVS[\YH�[LJUPJH�L�WYH[PJH¹ Edizioni informatore agrario 1997

� 9PJJPHYKLSSP�+»(SIVYL�.��L�0U[VWWH�-��¶�¸-PVYP�L�HWP¹ Calderini edagricole 2000

� 9P]PZ[H�¶�¸(WP[HSPH¹ Melitense srl

� 9P]PZ[H�¶�¸3»HWPJVS[VYL�P[HSPHUV¹� Associazione produttori Agripiemonte miele.

� 9P]PZ[H�¶�¸3(70:�¸ Editoriale Unaapi

� 9P]PZ[H�¶�¸(WPTVUKPH¹ Editrice sepe

� ;HMMHYLSSV�*��¶�¸-SVYH�WVWVSHYL�KLSS»(S[V�3P]LUaH¹ Associazione Naturalisti ONLUS Sacile 2003

� ;YPUNHSL�4��¶�¸7YVK\aPVUL�L�\ZV�KLSSH�WYVWVSP¹ Quaderni di Demetra 1989

� ;H\[a�1\YNLU�¶�¸0S�YVUaPV�KLSSL�HWP¹ Springer 2009

128

3L�HS[YL�W\IISPJHaPVUP�KLSS»(ZZVJPHaPVUL�5H[\YHSPZ[P�:HJPSL�653<:

*VZ[HSVUNH�:��L�7H]HU�9��¶�¸-SVYH�KLSSL�aVUL�\TPKL�KLSS»HS[V�3P]LUaH¹�������7H]HU�9��L�;HMMHYLSSV�*��¶�¸0S�3P]LUaH�¶�:P[V�HYJOLVSVNPJV�L�WLYJVYZP�IV[HUPJP¹�������;HMMHYLSSV�*��¶�¸-SVYH�WVWVSHYL�KLSS»(S[V�3P]LUaH¹�������7H]HU�9��¶�¸-SVYH�KLP�4HNYLKP¹�������7H]HU�9��L�;HMMHYLSSV�7���H�J\YH�KP��¶�¸3L�ZTVY[L��<S[PTL�HJX\L�Z[HNUHU[P�KLS�-P\TL�3P]LUaH¹�������7H]HU�9��L�;HMMHYLSSV�7���H�J\YH�KP��¶�¸3H�=HS�.YHUKL¹�������7H]HU�9��L�*VZ[HYPVS�*���H�J\YH�KP��¶�¸0S�=HSSVUL�KP�:HU�;VTu¹������ 7H]HU�9��*VZ[HYPVS�*���H�J\YH�KP��¶�¸*VUZLY]HaPVUL�KLSSH�-SVYH�¶�.PHYKPUP��VY[P�IV[HUPJP�L�HTIPLU[P�UH[\YHSP¹�������

9PUNYHaPV�[\[[P�JVSVYV�JOL�KPYL[[HTLU[L�V� PUKPYL[[HTLU[L�OHUUV�YLZV�WVZZPIPSL�SH�YLHSPaaHaPVUL�KP�X\LZ[V�TPV�WYPTV�SPIYV�(YTHUKV� *HYKHaaV� KP� P)\URLY:[\KPV�JVT� WLY� S»PUUV]H[P]H�Z[LZ\YH�NYHÄJH�L�S»LMMLY]LZJLUaH�KLS�Z\V�JVU[YPI\[V�WLYZVUHSL"3»(ZZVJPHaPVUL� 5H[\YHSPZ[P� 653<:� KP� :HJPSL� WLY� SL� WYLaPVZL�JVUZ\SLUaL�VMMLY[L�HS�TPV�SH]VYV"�\U�YPUNYHaPHTLU[V�WHY[PJVSHYL�H�*SHYH�*VZ[HYPVS��*HUaPV�;HMMHYLSSV��9VILY[V�7H]HU�L�4HYPV�-YLNVSP�WLY�PS�JVU[PU\V�HP\[V�L�ZVZ[LNUV�YPJL]\[V"4PV� ÄNSPV� (SLZZHUKYV� WLY� SL� Z\L� JVU[PU\L�� WYLaPVZL� L� WHaPLU[P��JVUZ\SLUaL� PUMVYTH[PJOL� �� VYNHUPaaH[P]L� L� WLY� SH� YLHSPaaHaPVUL�TH[LYPHSL�KLS�]PKLV�M\TL[[V"Laura Bassi per il supporto tecnico morale e la digitalizzazione

KLS�SVNV"-V[VSP[V�3\JL�ZYS�WLY�SH�JVU]LYZPVUL�KLSSL�PTTHNPUP"�+tZPYtL�.V[[HYKP� WLY� PS� Z\V� PTWLJJHIPSL� JVU[YPI\[V� JVW`^YP[LY�WLY�SH�YL]PZPVUL�L�JVYYLaPVUL�KLS�[LZ[V"�:PTVUH�(S]PUV�WLY�SH�WYPTH�YL]PZPVUL�KLP�[LZ[P��

© Fotoapi

Alfredo Marson

(WP��JVUVZJLYSL�WLY�KPMLUKLYSL��JVUVZJLYSL�WLY�TPNSPVYHYJP

Fotoapi.com

]PH�3\PNP�5VUV����33077 Sacile - PN

+39 339 7098291

^^ �̂MV[VHWP�[email protected]

.YHÄJOLiBunkerStudio.com

Stampa.YHÄJOL�9PZTH�ZYS���9V]LYLKV�PU�7PHUV���75

Prima edizioneAprile 2012

Porta il libro sempre con te,

ZJHYPJH�S»LKPaPVUL�KPNP[HSL�WLY�P7HK�Ö

L’Associazione Naturalisti Sacile ONLUS è attiva nel territorio dal 1970. Attraverso un’intensa attività di studio, ricerca, scambio e pubblicazione continua a promuovere la salvaguardia del patrimonio naturalistico e la sensibilizzazione nei confronti di delicate tematiche paesaggistiche.I nostri libri vengono distribuiti gratuitamente a tutti i soci dell’Associazione e a chi ne fa esplicita richiesta. Sono stati anche inviati a Scuole, a Biblioteche, ad analoghe Associazioni naturalistiche, a musei, a giardini e orti botanici d’Italia.

© Fotoapi.comAlfredo Marsonvia Luigi Nono, 22 - 33077 Sacile - PN per info +39 339 7098291H. www.fotoapi.com E. [email protected]


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