Dottorato di Ricerca in Ingegneria Elettronica Informatica ... · Non linear distortion and dynamic...

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Scuola di Dottorato in Scienze ed Ingegneria dell'Informazione

Dottorato di Ricerca in Ingegneria Elettronica

Informatica e delle Telecomunicazioni

Short course on:

“RF electronics for wireless communication and

remote sensing systems”

13th, 14th and 20th July 2010, Facoltà di Ingegneria

Università di Bologna

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F. Filicori – Short Course on “RF electronics for wireless communication and remote sensing systems” 2

Programme (1)

Tuesday 13th July, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Aula 5.5.

• 9.30 a.m to 10.00 a.m. Contents and goals: foreword on main issues and research topics in RF electronics for wireless communication and remote sensing systems

F. Filicori, Università di Bologna:

• 10.00 to 11.00 a.m.: New hardware solutions in future microwave links for mobile network applications

M. Pagani - Ericsson Design Centre

• 11.00 a.m to 13.00 p.m. Remote Sensing: from Earth Observation to Space Exploration

F. Marchetti and M. Feudale -Thales Alenia Space

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Programme (2)

Tuesday 13th July, Villa Griffone, Pontecchio Marconi

15.30 p.m. to 17.30 p.m.:

Guided visit to the Guglielmo Marconi Museum

B.Valotti, M. Bigazzi-Fondazione G. Marconi

This guided visit will provide a synthetic, historical yet stimulating (for both young and not-so-young researchers) description of the first experiments, evolution and achievements in the very early development of radio communication techniques, by directly examining the operating modes of the functioning prototypes of Marconi’s wireless communication equipment

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Programme (3)

Wednesday 14th July, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Aula 5.5.

9.30 a.m. to 10.30 a.m.:

Non linear distortion and dynamic range issues in the design of microwave electronics for communication and remote sensing systems

A. Santarelli, Università di Bologna

10.30 a.m. to 12.30 a.m.:

Integration of Nonlinear, Radiation, and Propagation Analysis Techniques for circuit-level Design of entire RF links

A. Costanzo and D. Masotti, Università di Bologna

15.00 p.m. to 16.00 p.m.:

Nonlinear noise in RF and microwave communication front-ends: theory, modelling and practical examples

C. Florian, Università di Bologna

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Programme (4)

Wednesday 14th July, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Aula 5.5.

16.00 p.m. to 17.00 p.m.:

RF Analogue-to-Digital conversion channels

P. A. Traverso, Università di Bologna

17.00 p.m. to 18.00 p.m.:

Microwave power amplifiers for satellite remote sensing and communication

R.P. Paganelli, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni-CNR

Tuesday 20th July, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Aula 5.1

10.00 a.m. to 12.00 a.m.:

Frequency synthesizers for RF transceivers

E. Franchi, A.Gnudi, M. Guermandi, Università di Bologna

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Short course: contents and goals

• Technology and circuit design issues in RF front-end electronics for next generation radio communication and remote sensing systems

• Design tool requirements and related research topics for microwave electronics in terrestrial and space-born radio systems

• RF circuit topologies/architectures and advanced semiconductor technologies for high-performance, flexible and reliable wireless communication and remote sensing systems

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Electronics for new generation wireless systems

• Fast Digital Signal Processing electronics:

digital implementation of otherwise analogue signal processing functions (mo/demodulation, fully digital filtering and processing of high-frequency IF or even RF signals)

• Towards Software Defined Radio approach: flexibility, re-configurability, frequency agility, reliable fault-tolerant design.

however

• System performance parameters (S/N ratio, bit error rate, power efficiency, reliability) strongly depend on the characteristics of RF electronics for receiver/transmitter front-ends

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RF front-end electronics

• RF front-end circuits: Power Amplifiers, Low-Noise Amplifiers, Mixers (converters, mo/demodulators), fast A/D and D/A converters, Voltage Controlled Oscillators, (Frequency Synthesizers).

• Fundamental circuit performance parameters: transmitter output power, noise, non-linear distortion, dynamic range, interference resistance, power efficiency

• Next generation wireless systems: stronger constraints on broad-band RF circuit performance for high-capacity, highly-flexible, compact, multiple input/output wireless systems.

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Application scenarios:

Terrestrial wireless communication

New hardware solutions in future microwave links for mobile network applications M. Pagani - Ericsson Design Centre

• New components required for the next generation of microwave links in mobile backhaul applications (increase capacity, energy efficiency, and manufacturability)

• Faster and more energy efficient mobile communication is expected in microwave link systems operating at 4-38 GHz (evolution in broadband mobile networks).

• New components, advanced semiconductor technologies and microwave circuit designs: reducing costs, enhancing the performance and enabling new, more compact and flexible system solutions.

• Novel reconfigurable circuit solutions: highly linear receivers and high efficiency linear transmitters (new semiconductor technologies combined with a new functional design approach).

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Application scenarios:

Satellite remote sensing systems

Remote Sensing: from Earth Observation to Space Exploration

F. Marchetti, M. Feudale -Thales Alenia Space

• Overview and basics of operation of satellite payloads for remote sensing

• Present and future architectures of the RF front-ends of Earth-Observing and Planetary Exploration Radars (SARs in particular) and Radiometers

• Main requirements in the design of the basic building blocks (Receivers, Up/Down Converters, Transmitters, Frequency Generators,..) of the satellite RF equipment for radar payloads.

• Present and future technological issues in the manufacturing of satellite RF payloads will be outlined, by also considering the specific requirements (reliability, radiation resistance, power consumption, weight, ..) associated with space-born electronic equipment.

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Performance requirements in RF front-end electronics

• Non-linear distortion, noise and power efficiency in RF front-end circuits:

limiting factors on overall system-level performance

• Non-linearity (no superposition of effects) is intrinsic and necessary in fundamental signal-processing functions: mo/demodulation, frequency generation/conversion, amplification, digital signal processing, etc..

• Non-linearity: basic, fundamental feature of Electronics and Electron Devices (electron/hole non-uniform distribution strongly dependent on applied voltages)

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Non-linearity in RF front-end electronics

Low signal distortion RF circuits: necessarily non-linear (“large” carrier amplitude or

bias) but quasi-linear for small-amplitude signals (linearization)

however

• Limits on small signal amplitude from system level- constraints ( S/N ratio) in the presence of additive noise ( thermal, diffusion/shot in EDs) and interference

• Difficult problems with high-dynamic-range signals (e.g. high peak-to-average envelope amplitude ratios in advanced modulation schemes)

• Non-linearity side effects: both signal distortion and in-band conversion of strong out-of-band interfering signals (wide band, flexible systems with no input selective filtering or compact, multifunction, multiple input/output systems)

• Need for low-noise interference-robust receivers (limited NF degradation)

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RF Transmitting Power Amplifiers:

Distortion and power efficiency

• Large-signal, non-linear PA operation may involve both system performance degradation due to signal distortion and adjacent-channel interference generation

• Quasi-linear behaviour can be obtained by strong “back-off” PA operation

(but relevant power efficiency reduction)

• PA power efficiency has a strong impact also on self-heating (reliability), dimensions and cost (chip area, heat sink) of RF electronics

Design challenges (research topics)

• Tools and design approaches for highly-linear high-efficiency PAs

• Development of innovative schemes for non-linearity reduction/compensation in high-efficiency PAs

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More in detail…

Non linear distortion and dynamic range issues in the design of microwave electronics for communication and remote sensing systems A. Santarelli, Università di Bologna

• Non-linear distortion, noise and dynamic-range issues in the basic circuits used as the building blocks in RF electronics for wireless communication and remote sensing systems.

• Trade-off issues between nonlinear distortion, output power and power added efficiency in the design/optimization of highly-linear microwave power amplifiers for high capacity radio links.

• Basics of new generation electron devices and modeling/design tools for low-distortion, high-dynamic-range microwave circuit design.

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CAD tools for complex application

scenarios

Integration of Nonlinear, Radiation, and Propagation Analysis Techniques for circuit-level Design of entire RF links A. Costanzo, D. Masotti, Università di Bologna

• CAD procedure for circuit-level simulation of entire RF links: SISO (Single Input Single Output), MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), and UWB (Ultra Wide Band).

• Integrated circuit-level analysis with nonlinear interaction among subsystems and electromagnetic characterization of the transmitter and receiver front- ends.

• Multiple-antenna (MIMO) transmitters/receivers (compact integrated systems) are treated as unique nonlinear systems loaded by the multiport antenna described as one multiport radiating systems through EM analysis (mutual couplings in terms of the frequency-dependent near-field and far-field ).

• BER computation and minimization carried out at the circuit level with affordable computational efforts; analysis of pulse-UWB receiver front ends in the presence of interfering signals

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Noise and non linearity

Phase- noise in non-linear circuits

Broad-band additive noise (thermal, “shot”, diffusion noise=random electron velocity fluctuations in EDs): main noise contribution in “linear” fixed-bias RF circuits (small-signal Low Noise Amplifiers)

but operating conditions can be more complex……

• Non-linear operation in Mixers, Oscillators and strongly interfered LNAs

• Noise Figure degradation (less gain, more noise) in strongly interfered LNAs

• Non-linear up-conversion (microwave frequencies) of Low Frequency Noise

• LFN derives from “slow” random fluctuations in device parameters

(manufacturing or ageing “defects”, trap-assisted G-R noise) with increasing power spectral density at LF (“flicker”, 1/f parametric noise)

• Modulation noise: Phase-Noise in oscillators

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Noise and non linearity

Low-Phase Noise Oscillator design

Nonlinear noise in RF and microwave communication front-ends: theory, modelling and practical examples C. Florian, Università di Bologna

Impact of nonlinear noise on the performance of oscillators and Low Noise Amplifiers will be discussed, with special emphasis on oscillators, by examining the design basics, different topologies and implementation technologies. The main topics are:

• Basics of noise in electronics components: broad-band noise and low-frequency noise in linear and non linear operation.

• Oscillator design: small-signal and large-signal analysis; different oscillator topologies and technologies: quartz-stabilized, DRO, VCO, differential and push-push.

• Noise in oscillators: Phase Noise definition, generation and effects; PN minimization

• Noise in amplifiers: Noise Figure in small-signal operation and nonlinear operating conditions; non-linear noise generation, characterization and modelling of strongly interfered LNAs

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Fast A/D converter and signal-sampling circuits allow for the digital implementation of basic signal processing functions : mo/demodulation, fully digital IF/RF signal filtering/processing

• No need for complex, analogue multiple conversion/filtering schemes, reliable, predictable and SW-reconfigurable operation

• High-dynamic-range signals:system-level performance limited by quantization noise (limited bit number) and dynamic non-linearity (high-frequency, large signal operation of sampling circuits)

• Non-linear dynamic characterization and modelling of digital conversion channelsneeded for accurate system-level performance prediction

• Careful design of sampling front-end circuits for good performance at microwaves

• Possibility of non-linearity compensation with digital “post-distortion” algorithms

(similarly to digital pre-distortion in PAs)

Analog-to-Digital RF signal conversion

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Analog-to-Digital RF signal conversion

RF Analogue-to-Digital conversion channels

P. A. Traverso, Università di Bologna

Receiver front-ends for a wide family of both terrestrial and satellite communication/sensing systems take advantage of the ever-increasing performance of A/D converters and related circuits. Recent improvements in terms of real-time sampling frequency, vertical resolution, linearity and reliability allow for the design and implementation of broad-band A/D conversion channels directly at RF.

The following topics will be addressed :

• Basics of analogue-to-digital conversion techniques. Architectures for fast A/D Converters (ADCs) oriented to the sampling and quantization of RF signals.

• Experimental characterization procedures and performance evaluation of A/D conversion channels.

• Non-linear dynamic modelling and algorithmic compensation of the non-idealitieswithin RF A/D conversion channels using a modified Volterra-based approach.

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RF Power Amplifier design criteria and

examples

Microwave power amplifiers for satellite remote sensing and communicationR. P. Paganelli IEIIT-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

• Design issues of high-efficiency power amplifiers for microwave transmitters are dealt with by examining the main figures of merit for different typical transistor operating classes (A, AB, C,…, quasi-switching) and “load-line shaping” criteria

• Power dissipation, maximum channel temperature for reliable operation and thermal stability problems will also be discussed.

• Two practical examples of PA design will be illustrated for two different technologies (pHEMT, HBT) and classes of operation (AB, E).

• Finally, examples of power amplifier architectures optimizing efficiency or linearity in applications with advanced modulation schemes are briefly illustrated.

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Flexible yet highly-stable frequency

generation: mission impossible?

• Carrier frequency generation in tunable, broad-band wireless systems requires wide oscillator tuning range, with highly stable and predictable frequency control

• Voltage Controlled Oscillators can provide wide tuning ranges, but high frequency stability can be obtained only from fixed-frequency, resonator-stabilized oscillators.

Frequency Synthesizer systems:

• VCO is “locked”, by a digitally-controlled Phase-Locked Loop, to a resonator-stabilized fixed-frequency oscillator (feedback control of VCO through phase detector)

• VCO oscillating frequency is digitally tunable and highly stable (long term)

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Frequency synthesizers:

operating principles and design examples

Frequency synthesizers for RF transceiversE. Franchi, A. Gnudi, M. Guermandi, Università di Bologna

• Short introduction to frequency synthesis for integrated RF transceivers.

• Phase locked-loops (PLL): architecture, waveforms, building blocks (phase-frequency detectors, charge pump, loop-filter, VCO, frequency dividers), frequency and time domain modelling, noise analysis

Design examples:

• Synthesizer for Ultra Wide Band receivers

• Synthesizer and VCOs for fully-integrated reconfigurable multi-standard transceivers: high tuning-range VCO, fractional-N synthesizers with techniques for spurious compensation and increased linearity.

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