∫∞Δ∞£§π¶Δπ∫∞ ™Àª¶Δøª∞Δ∞ ™∂ ¶∞π¢π∞¶ƒ√™Ã√§π∫∏™ ∏§π∫π∞™: ∫∞Δ∞§√°√™

∞¡πá∂À™∏™ °π∞ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂ÀΔπ∫√À™

ª·Ú›· ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶·ÙÚÒÓ

¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë: ∂ÌÂÈÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ê·ÓÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› ÛÙ··È‰È¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÎfiÌË ËÏÈΛ·. ∏ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÚÓ¿ ··Ú·Ù‹ÚËÙË ·fiÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ Î·È Â‡¯ÚËÛÙÔ ÂÚ-Á·ÏÂ›Ô ·Ó›¯Ó¢Û˘ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ· ÁÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜.ΔÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ‰‡Ô ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÔ› Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó Ì›· Îϛ̷η ·Ó›¯Ó¢Û˘ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ· ÁÈ· 494 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. μÚ¤ıËΠfiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ·-ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ηٷ-ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·, Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·. ∏ ‰ÈÂ-Ú¢ÓËÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÂȂ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚ-Á¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Û ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ fiˆ˜ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·-ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·/¿Á¯Ô˜, ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Â˘-ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ·. ΔÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó›¯Ó¢ÛË Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·-Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜

§¤ÍÂȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ: ∞ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ∫·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, ∫ϛ̷η ·Ó›¯Ó¢Û˘ Û˘Ìو̿وÓηٿıÏȄ˘, ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·

∂π™∞°ø°∏

∏ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Û ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹-Ì·Ù· „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÒÓ Ù˘ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜(Kirchner, Yoder, Kramer, Lindsey, & Thrush, 2000). ∏ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜¤ÊË‚Ô˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙ› Ì ·ÚÓËÙÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· fiˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË, Û¯Ô-ÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ¢¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛË, Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛ˘ ‰È·Ù·-Ú·¯‹˜ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜, ¯Ú‹ÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ, ‚›·, ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓÈÎfi ȉ·ÛÌfi ‹ ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›· (∞uger, 2004,2005. ∫irchner et al., 2000).

¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË: Δ.£. 40069, Aı‹Ó· 12310. ΔËÏ.: 6938208781. ∂-mail: mpoulou@upatras.gr

Hellenic Journal of Psychology, Vol. 10 (2013), pp. 147-167

∂ÌÂÈÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ fiÙÈ ·È‰È¿ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔʤÚÔ˘Ó ·fi η-Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Î·Ù¤ÚÚÈ„·Ó ÙË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ËÏÈÎȷ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ·È‰ÈÒÓ Â›-Ó·È ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷο ·ÓÒÚÈÌË ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘ (∫ÏÂÊÙ¿-Ú·˜, 2011). ™ÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ Ë ·È‰È΋ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ·ÔÙÂÏ› ϤÔÓ ÌÈ·Ó ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂-ÓË ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹. ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù¿-ıÏÈ„Ë ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› Ôχ ÈÔ ÓˆÚ›˜, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·, ËÔÔ›· Â¿Ó ‰È·ÚΤÛÂÈ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·È‰È΋ ËÏÈΛ· (Luby, 2010. Luby, Belden, & Spitznagel, 2006. Luby,Heffelfinger, Koenig-McNaught, Brown, & Spitznagel, 2004. Stalets & Luby, 2006).§·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi fiÙÈ Ë „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ‚·ÛÈ΋ «·Ú-¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘» ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·(Angold & Egger, 2007).

™Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜, Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, ‹ Û ÈÔ ‹È˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ë Î·-Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›·, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÚÓ¿ ··Ú·Ù‹ÚËÙË ÂÂȉ‹ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÏÂÎÙÈο Ù· ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÙˆÓÛ˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û οı ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ.ΔÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, fiÙÈ ÁÔÓ›˜, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔÈ ‰ÂÓÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ηٿıÏȄ˘ Û ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ (Domenech-Llaberia, Vinas, Pla, Jane, Mitjavila, et al., 2009), ηıÈÛÙ¿ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó·Áη›· ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘ fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘-Ó·Ùfi ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ·.

™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·È‰È΋ η-Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Î·È ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓÛÙÔÓ ¤ÁηÈÚÔ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·. ™ÙËÛ˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ô ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔ-Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜ (Preschool Children Depression Checklist, PCDC) ÙˆÓ πÛ·ÓÒÓÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Levi, Sogos, Mazzei, Î·È Paolesse (2001), ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓÛ˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜.

ΔÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘

∏ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ˆ˜ Úo‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜¤ÊË‚Ô˘˜ ¤ÁÈÓ ÌfiÏȘ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· 20 ̄ ÚfiÓÈ·, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜Kleftaras Î·È Didaskalou (2006) ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜: 1) ª¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û ˷ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ÂÊ˂›·. ∏ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ·˘-Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÂËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ·fi ÙÔ „˘¯·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘

148 ª. ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘

ÀÂÚÂÁÒ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ˂›·. 2) ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ηٷıÏÈÙÈο ·È‰È¿ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·ÈÛ˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ «Ù· ηχÙÂÚ·» ·È‰È¿, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È fiÌÔÚÊ·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηÏÔ‡˜ ÙÚfi-Ô˘˜, ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÔ¯ÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi, Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›-˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È 3) Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘-ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ô‰ËÁ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÂηÈ-‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÂÛÙÈÎfi-ÙÂÚˆÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ.

ªÂÚÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ·. Δ· ·È-‰È¿ Ô˘ ¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·Á·Ë̤ӷ ÚfiÛˆ· ‹ ˘ÔʤÚÔ˘Ó ·fi οÔÈÔ ¯·Ìfi, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‹Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎfi, fiˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‹ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜, ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ¿Û¯ËÌ· ÁÈ· ̤Ú˜‹ ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ηٿıÏȄ˘, ·ÏϿηٷıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË (Willis, 1996). ∞Ó Î·È ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈÔÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ·ÛÙË ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ηٿıÏȄ˘ Î·È Û ÈÔ ‹È· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٷıÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘, ¤¯ÂÈ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ Ù· ‹È· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿, ÙÔ˘˜¤ÊË‚Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ (Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994). ™ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ··-ÓÙÒÓÙ·È ‰‡Ô ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓÎ·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘ (Leon, Kendall, & Garber, 1980). ™‡Ì-ʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÔÌÔÈfi-ÙËÙ˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Î·È ¤Î‰ËÏ· ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο fiˆ˜ χË, ÌÂÏ·Á¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË,¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ‹ ¢¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛ˘ Û ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜,·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙËÓ fiÚÂÍË, ÛÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜, ÛÙ· ›‰· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ. °È· Ù··È‰È¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ· ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ˂›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ›‰È· ‰È·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó·Ù˘-ÍÈ·Îfi Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ (Sterba, Egger, & Angold, 2007).

∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ̆ ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ. ŒÙÛÈ, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ٷ ¤Î‰ËÏ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ-›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ ÂÓËϛΈÓ, Ë ·È‰È΋ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂΉËψı› ̤ÌÌÂÛÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ˆ˜ «Û˘ÁÎ·Ï˘Ì̤ÓË Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë», ‹ Ì «Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·Ì·» (∫¿-ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ & ª·ÓÈ·‰¿ÎË, 2006. ∫ÏÂÊÙ¿Ú·˜, 2011), fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÚÔ‹ ÛÙ· ·Ù˘-¯‹Ì·Ù·, ̆ ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓԯϋÛÂȘ, Ó˘ÎÙÂÚÈÓ‹ÂÓÔ‡ÚËÛË, Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÊÔ‚›· (Leon et al., 1980).

∏ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi Ù· «Ù˘Èο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·» fiˆ˜ ıÏ›„Ë Î·È/‹ Ô͢ı˘Ì›· (ÙÔ 98% ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·), ·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ·Î·È ·ÓˉÔÓ›· Ô˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ̂ ˜ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Â˘¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ·È-¯Ó›‰È (·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Èı·ÓfiÙË-Ù· Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿıÏÈ„Ë), ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Î·È ‡ÓÔ˘, ̄ ·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È·È¯Ó›‰È· Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ Î·È ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘. Δ· «Û˘ÁÎ·Ï˘Ì̤ӷ» Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· fiˆ˜

∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ·È‰È¿ 149

Ë ÛˆÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙ· ÌÈÎÚ¿ ·È‰È¿ (Luby, Helfinger, Mrakotsky, Brown,Hessler, et al., 2003. Chrisman, Egger, Compton, Curry, & Goldston, 2006).

™˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ηٿıÏȄ˘

ΔȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È, ÂÓÒ Ù· ¿ÙÔ-Ì· Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ÔÏÔ¤-Ó· Î·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ËÏÈΛ· (Auger, 2005). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ùo Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿ-ıÏȄ˘ ·ÔÎÙ¿ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘-¯ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.5% ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Î·È 8.3% ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙˆÓ 18 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ, 1ÛÙÔ˘˜ 4 ¤ÊË‚Ô˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó· ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ˂›· Ù· ÚÒÙ· ÂÂÈÛfi‰È·(Cuijpers, van Straten, Smits, & Smit, 2006). ∏ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙËÓ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯ËÙÈ΋. H ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Kleftaras Î·È Didaskalou (2006) Ê·-Ó¤ÚˆÛ fiÙÈ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ 30% Ì·ıËÙÒÓ 5-6˘ Ù¿Í˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡, Ô˘ Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÙÔChildren’s Depression Inventory (CDI) ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ‹È· ¤ˆ˜ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ηٷıÏÈÙÈο Û˘-ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·, ÂÓÒ ÛÙËÓ ÂȉËÌÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Giannakopoulos, Kazantzi, Dimitrakaki,Tsiantis, Kolaitis, Î·È Tountas (2009) Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ·fi ·È-‰È¿ 8-12 ¯ÚÔÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô, Î˘Ì¿ÓıËÎ·Ó ·fi 4.2% ¤ˆ˜ 14.96%. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘Kontopoulou (2003), ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ 56% ÙˆÓ ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ‰‹ÏˆÛ fiÙÈ Ë ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó‹ ÌÔÚ-Ê‹ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË, ÂÈϤÔÓ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·.∞fi ÙȘ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ÂȉËÌÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ë Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ηٿıÏȄ˘ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î¿Ùˆ ·fiÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙˆÓ 6 ÂÙÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ 1% (Domenech-Llaberia et al., 2009.Stalets & Luby, 2006) Û ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Û ÌÂϤÙ˜ Û ÌË ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘-ÛÌfi, ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ηٿıÏȄ˘ Û ·È‰È¿ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 2-5 ÂÙÒÓ Î˘Ì¿ÓıËΠ·fi 0-2%, Û‡Ìʈ-Ó· Ì ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË ÁÈ· ÁÔÓ›˜ Preschool AgePsychiatric Assessment (PAPA, Angold, Egger, Erkanli, & Keeler, 2004 ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ ηÈWichstrom, Berg-Nielsen, Angold, Egger, Solheim, et al., 2012, ÛÙË ¡ÔÚ‚ËÁ›·). ™ÙË ÌÂ-ϤÙË, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, ÙˆÓ Luby, Heffelfinger, Mrakotsky, Hessler, Brown, Î·È Hildebrand (2002)·fi Ù· 174 ·È‰È¿ 3-5 ¯ÚÔÓÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËηÓ, Ù· 55 ÏËÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· η-Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÛÙÔ Preschool Feeling Checklist (PFC).

¢È·Ê˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘

∞Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì Èı·Ó‹ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë, ÔÈ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ê·ÓÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙˆÓ 14 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ù¿ÛË Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ-

150 ª. ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘

„Ë Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus, ηÈSeligman (1991), ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ÙÚ›Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Î·-Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ·fi Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·, ΢ڛˆ˜ ·ÓˉÔ-Ó›· Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, ÂÓÒ Ù· ‰‡Ô ʇϷ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi Û˘-ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· fiˆ˜ χË, ˘ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓԯϋÛÂȘ. ∏ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙ· ̤۷ Î·È ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÙ¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÊ˂›·˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙˆÓ 13 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ. ∏ ¤Ó·ÚÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ê˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ‰È·-ÊÔÚÒÓ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ Ù˘ ηٿıÏÈ-„˘ (Hankin & Abramson, 2001). √È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚÈÙÛÈÒÓ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó·ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ·ÈÙÈÒÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰˘Û¿ÚÂÛÙ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·(Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1991), ‹ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ-›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ·ÁfiÚÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÊ˂›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ-¯Ë Âȉ›ӈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë (Hankin& Abramson, 2001. Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994). ¶·Ú¿ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓʇψÓ, fï˜, ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Ô Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈ-ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ›‰ÈÔ˜ (Barrocas & Hankin, 2011).

√ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÛÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘

∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Mullins, Chard, Hartman, Bowlby, Rich, Î·È Burke (1995), Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì η-Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ٷ ¿ÏÏ· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏ› ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ·fiÚÚÈ„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ Ù· ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙË-Ù·˜ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿. ™ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ Û˘Û¯¤-ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. √È ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó Ì ÙÔ ¯Úfi-ÓÔ, Û ‚·ıÌfi Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ΔÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· fiÙÈ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ‰˘¿‰· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜-Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë, ËÔÔ›· ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙ› Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ·Û˘Ó›‰ËÙ·, ÛË-Ì·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ¿ÌÂÛ˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-ÎÔ› ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

√È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, ΢ڛˆ˜ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÂÚÓÔ‡Ó Ôχ ̄ ÚfiÓÔ ÌÂÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ„˘¯È΋ ̆ Á›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÁηÈÚÔ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÂӉ›ÍÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÓ-‰Â¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ (Taggart & McMullan, 2007). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÔÈÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ‡ÚÔ˜ ηÓÔÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ·È-‰ÈÒÓ, Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó Ì ÌÂ-Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â˘ÎÔÏ›· Ù˘¯fiÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍȷΤ˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÛÂÛ¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ (Kirchner et al., 2000).

∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ·È‰È¿ 151

¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ-ÎÒÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ, Ô ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÂӉ›ÎÓ˘Ù·È Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi-ÙÂÚË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ΔÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È Ô Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ̄ ÒÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ̆ ¿Ú¯ÂÈ Úfi-Û‚·ÛË Û fiÏ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚÔ-·ÁˆÁ‹˜ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ (Cooper, & Jacobs,2011). Œ¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ 30 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ··ÏÏ·Á› ·fiÙ· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ fiÙ·Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ¤ÁηÈÚË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (Cuijpers et al., 2006). √ ∞uger (2005) ÂÍËÁ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›-Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ: ¶ÚÒ-ÙÔÓ, Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ›‰ÔÛË. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂ-ϤÙ˜ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ Ù˘ η-Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ô˘ Ù˘-¯fiÓ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ∫·È, ÙÚ›ÙÔÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ̄ ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ̆ ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙˆÓ ̆ Ë-ÚÂÛÈÒÓ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ηıÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜.

∂ÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ

∏ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ‰Â Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ‡ÎÔÏÔ Î·È ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÂ-ϤÙË ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›ˆÓ, ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË, ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÂͤٷÛË, ÔÈÎÔ-ÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi, Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ÁÔÓ›˜, Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ (Willis, 1996).™ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÔÈ Îϛ̷Θ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È ÔÈÎϛ̷Θ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ·fi ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜. √È Îϛ̷Θ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË fiˆ˜ ‚ÈÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄˈ˜ Û‡Ìو̷. √È ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˜ Îϛ̷Θ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ¶·È‰È΋˜ ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ (CDI: Children’s Depression Inventory,Kovacs, 1980), Î·È Ë ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck (BDI: Beck Depression Inventory,Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961). √È Îϛ̷Θ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ηٷıÏÈ-ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ ·fi ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ̂ ˜ Û‡Ó-‰ÚÔÌÔ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË fiÛÔ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· Û˘ÓÔ‰¿ ÂÛˆÙÂ-ÚÈο Î·È Â͈ÙÂÚÈο Û˘ÌÒÌ·Ù·. ∏ ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË Â›Ó·È Ë Îϛ̷η ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘Achenbach (CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist, Achenbach, 1991) (‚Ï. K¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ & ª·-ÓÈ·‰¿ÎË, 2006). √ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Â›ÙÂ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Îϛ̷Θ Ù‡Ô˘ Likert ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ›Ù ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·ÈÛ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· (∞uger, 2004).

™ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·, Ù· ÌfiÓ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ̆ ¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ η-

152 ª. ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘

Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Preschool Feelings Checklist, ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÁÈ· ÁÔÓ›˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ 3-5,6 ¯ÚÔÓÒÓ (Luby et al., 2004) Î·È ÙÔ Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA),‰ÔÌË̤ÓË Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË ÁÈ· ÁÔÓ›˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ 2-5 ¯ÚÔÓÒÓ (Chrisman et al., 2006). ∂›Û˘,ÙÔ Preschool Symptom Self-Report (PRESS, Martini, Strayhorn, & Puig-Antich, 1990),Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘, Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰È·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ÁÈ··È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜, Ì ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÁÈ· ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ¶·-ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ·’ fiÛÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ, Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›-Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ۠ÌÈÎÚfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· 84 ·È-‰ÈÒÓ, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ÂÓÒ Ë ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ Û‡Ó-ıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ù˘È΋ Ù˘ ̤Û˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·-ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙ› Ë ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ.

ŒÓ·˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÌÂϤÙËÛ·Ó ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÂ˜Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û ¿ÌÂÛË Â·Ê‹ Ì ÙÔ ·È‰› Î·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ·È‰›, ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈ-ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘, Ì ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈο fï˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·-Ù·. ŒÙÛÈ, ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· ÌÂÚÈ¿ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, Û˘ÌÏË-ÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Îϛ̷Θ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÂÓÙfiÈÛ·Ó Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈ˙·Ó ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Ì ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË (Mattison, Carlson,Cantwell, & Rosenbaum-Asarnow, 2007. Tisher,1995). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿, ÔÈ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ʷÓÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ·Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ (Mattison et al., 2007), ÌÂÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂ-ÚÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‹ Ù· ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (Mesman & Koot,2000). Δ¤ÏÔ˜, ·Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (∞uger, 2004. Sacco & Graves, 1985). ∞˘-Ùfi ÌÔÚ› ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi Ó· ıˆÚËı› ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁË̤ÓÔ, ·Ó Ï¿‚ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ Ù·Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÂÓÒÛ˘¯Ó¿ Ù· Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ì ٷ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΢-̤ӷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÂΛӷ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ (Mesman & Koot, 2000). √ ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ fï˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÛÔ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Auger, 2004).

∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ

∏ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌÔ‡ Û˘Ìو̿وӷȉÈ΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÎfiÌË ËÏÈΛ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÓfi˜ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ·Ó›¯Ó¢Û˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ∏ ·-Ú·‰Ô¯‹ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÔÈΛÏÏÂÈ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ›-

∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ·È‰È¿ 153

Ù·È Û οı ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ηıÈÛÙ¿ ·Ó·Áη›· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·. ∏ ÂÚÁ·-Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·-ıÚÔ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ, ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÂÌ-Ê·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈ-ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ¿ÏÏ· Û˘ÓÔ‰¿ Û˘ÌÙÒ-Ì·Ù·, Ô˘ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›·. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏË-Ï·, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Mesman Î·È Koot (2000), ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓÛ˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ù˘ ηχÙÂÚ˘ ·ÓÙÈ-ÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ η-Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜.

∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ì›· ÎÏ›-̷η ·Ó›¯Ó¢Û˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ÌÂϤÙË ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÊ·Ú-ÌÔÁ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘Ìو̿-ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜ (Preschool Children Depression Checklist,PCDC) ÙˆÓ πÛ·ÓÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Levi et al. (2001). ŒÓ· ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓÙ· ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÌÂ-ϤÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘-ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ¤Ú¢-Ó˜ ˘Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ı· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·, ÂÓÒ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓÛ ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ.

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ΔÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ‰‡Ô ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÔ› (1 ¿ÓÙÚ·˜ Î·È 31 Á˘Ó·›Î˜), Ì ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔ 10-14 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ˘Ë-ÚÂÛ›·˜, Ô˘ ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡Û·Ó Û ۯÔÏ›· ÙˆÓ ÓÔÌÒÓ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ∞¯·˚·˜, Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·ÓÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈο ÙÔÓ ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜∏ÏÈΛ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÔ› Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÂÚ›Ô˘ÛÙ· ̤۷ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈ¿˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ Û˘-ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂Âȉ‹ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋, ÔÈ ÓËÈ·-ÁˆÁÔ› Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· ›Ù ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ›-Ù ÁÈ· ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÌfiÓÔ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο Û˘ÌÏËÚÒıËÎ·Ó 494 ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· (252ÁÈ· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È 242 ÁÈ· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·, Ì ̤ÛË ËÏÈΛ· 5.5 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·).

154 ª. ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘

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™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Ô ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘Ìو̿-ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜ (Preschool Children Depression Checklist,PCDC) ÙˆÓ πÛ·ÓÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Levi et al. (2001). ∏ Îϛ̷η ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ32 ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ηχÙÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ‡ÚÔ˜ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔ-ÚÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó· ÂΉËψıÔ‡Ó Û ·È‰È¿ ËÏÈΛ·˜3-6 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ. √È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔ‹Ïı·Ó ·fi Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·È-‰ÈÒÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Û ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓË-Ù¤˜, ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Î·È Ù· DSM-IV ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Ù˪›˙ÔÓ· ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹. √È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ηÈÛ˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ fiˆ˜ ÌÂÏ·Á¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË, ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÂÓ‹-ÏÈΘ, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È, ۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, Î.Ï.ŒÂÈÙ· ·fi ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ·Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÂÚˆ-ÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ 5 ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ΔÔ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó 27 ÚÔ-Ù¿ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜: ·) ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓ¤Ú-ÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ‚) ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È Á) ı˘Ìfi˜ Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ· (Levi et al., 2001).

∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ ÙÔ PCDC ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Î·È ‰ÂÓÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Â›Â‰· Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‹ ·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘·ÔÛÎÔ› ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ·È-‰È¿ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 3-6 ¯ÚÔÓÒÓ ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û·Ê‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fiÛ˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙË ªÂ›˙ÔÓ· ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ-΋ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ (Levi et al., 2001). ™ÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi η٤ÏËÍ·Ó ÔÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÙÔ˘ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ, ¤ÂÈÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û ÌË ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Î·È Û ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿-‰Â˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Û ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÈ-‚‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ. √ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ Cronbach’s alpha ÙÔ˘ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ‹Ù·Ó .90, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Î˘Ì¿ÓıËÎ·Ó ·fi.89 Û .90. ∂ÈϤ¯ıËΠÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ›Û˘ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ· (Escala de Depresiónpreescolar para Maestros, ESDM3-6), ÙˆÓ Domenech-Llaberia Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ(2009), ÂÂȉ‹ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ Û ۯ¤-ÛË Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·.

∏ ·Ú¯È΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔ-Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜ (Preschool Children Depression Checklist, PCDC) ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿ÛÙËÎÂÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Î·È Â·Ó·ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿ÛÙËΠÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈο ·fi ·fiÊÔÈÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ∞ÁÁÏÈ΋˜ºÈÏÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∂ÈϤ¯ıËÎÂ Ë ·Ú¯È΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ (Ì ÙȘ 32 ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ) ¤Ó·-ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ÙÂÏÈ΋˜ (Ì ÙȘ 27 ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ), ÂÂȉ‹ Ë ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Í›· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-

∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ·È‰È¿ 155

Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ (.¯., ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÚ›ÂÚÁÔ, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È¿ıÂÛË Ó· ÂÍÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ ÙÔ Â-ÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ) ˘ÂÚÙÂÚÔ‡ÛÂ ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÒÓ. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë ÈÏÔ-ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Û ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÂÓ‰ÂÈ-ÎÙÈο ÁÈ· ‰‡Ô Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÂȘ. ¢fiıËÎÂȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ηٷÓÔËÙ‹ ·fiÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î¿ı ÚfiÙ·-ÛË Û Îϛ̷η Ù‡Ô˘ Likert ·fi 0 ¤ˆ˜ 4, ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Î¿ıÂÌ›· ·fi ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (0 = ‰ÂÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÔÙ¤, 1 = ·-Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Û¿ÓÈ·, 2 = ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, 3 = ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Î·È 4= ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ¿ÓÙ·).

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ª›· ÁÚ·Ù‹ ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Û ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È ‰È·‚‚·›ˆÓ ÁÔ-Ó›˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙ¢ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔ-ÚÈÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÏıËΠÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó. √È ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÔ› Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÂıÂ-ÏÔÓÙÈο ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË, ·ÊÔ‡ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚ¢ӋÙÚÈ·, Û˘-ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘.

∞¶√Δ∂§∂™ª∞Δ∞

¢ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜

∂Âȉ‹ ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Û ŒÏÏËÓ˜ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÂϤÁ¯ıËÎÂ Ë ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Â-Ù·È ÛÙÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· Ì·˜ (¿ÚÎÂÈ· ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ∫ª√ = .944, BarÙlett’s test of sphericity <.01, μ.∂. = 300). ∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ Ì ¿ÏÏ· ·ÓÙ›-ÛÙÔȯ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÊÈÎÙ‹, ÌÈ· Î·È ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó –·’ fiÛÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì– ÛÙ·ÂÏÏËÓο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÛÙËÓÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·. ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ SAS v9 Ê·Ó¤-ÚˆÛ 4 ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ (‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 1). √ ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ 1 ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ 43.11% Ù˘ ‰È·-·̷ÓÛ˘, Ô ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ 2 ÙÔ 29% Ù˘ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘, Ô ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ 3 ÙÔ 16.80% Ù˘‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘, Î·È Ô ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ 4 ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ 9.40% Ù˘ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο,98.40%. ∂Ù¿ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ (1, 4, 6, 7, 13, 26, 31) ·Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ïfi-Áˆ ÙˆÓ ¯·ÌËÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÙ›ÛˆÓ. √ ÚÒÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ (ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10,14, 15, 19) ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ Ê·ÓÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó «¤ÏÏÂÈ-„Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜». √ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ (ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ 11, 12,

156 ª. ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘

18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32) ÊÔÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹-Ì·Ù· Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο «ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿˜ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜/¿Á¯Ô˘˜». √ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˜ ·-Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ (ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ 16, 17, 20, 21) ÊÔÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ê·ÓÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó «¤Ï-ÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜», ÂÓÒ Ô Ù¤Ù·ÚÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ (ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ

∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ·È‰È¿ 157

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1: ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘

∫·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜

ªÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ ºÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ

¶·Ú. 1 ¶·Ú. 2 ¶·Ú. 3 ¶·Ú. 4

ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜2. ¢ÂÓ ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ Ôχ. .7943. ∫ÈÓÂ›Ù·È Ï›ÁÔ ‹ /Î·È ·ÚÁ¿. .7775. ∫Ô˘Ú¿˙ÂÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ·. .5778. ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÔÏ·‡ÛÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, .584

ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È ÙȘ ηÈÓÔÙƠ̂˜.9. ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈËı›, .680

·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜.10. ¡ÈÒıÂÈ fiÙÈ ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. .62314. ¡ÈÒıÂÈ ·Ó·Ú΋, ·Ó›Î·ÓÔ. .59615. ¢Â›¯ÓÂÈ ·Ó›Î·ÓÔ Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ. .72519. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÂÈ .655

ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘.ªÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·/¿Á¯Ô˜ 11. ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ·Ô¯ˆÚÈÛÙ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘. .63112. Œ¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË/¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È .513

ÂÈ‚Ú¿‚¢ÛË.18. ¶ÂÚÓ¿ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ. .49822. ¢ÂÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙ· ·È¯Ó›‰È· Ì ¢ÎÔÏ›·. .49923. ¢˘ÛÎÔχÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÂÈı˘Ì›Â˜ Î·È ·Ó¿ÁΘ .599

‹ Ó· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·.24. ∫Ï·›ÂÈ Û˘¯Ó¿. .49725. ΔÔ Ó‹ÈÔ Â›Ó·È ·Ó‹Û˘¯Ô. .54628. ∂›Ó·È Ï˘Ë̤ÓÔ, Ì η΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË. .66030. ∂›Ó·È ÂÛˆÛÙÚÂʤ˜, ÓÙÚÔ·Ïfi. .58132. Œ¯ÂÈ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÁËÙfi. .587ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜16. ¢ÂÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· .541

‹ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ.17. ¶·›˙ÂÈ Ì ÌÔÓfiÙÔÓÔ, ·ӷϷ̂·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ, .546

ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·.20. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÚ›ÂÚÁÔ, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË .574

Ó· ÂÍÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ.21. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÂÈ .726

Ó· ·›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·È¯Ó›‰È ‹ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì οÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ.∂˘ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ·27. °ÎÚÈÓÈ¿˙ÂÈ, Â›Ó·È Î·ÎfiÎÂÊÔ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÙÈÎfi. .71729. £˘ÌÒÓÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏ·. .666

27, 29) ·fi ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó «Â˘ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ·» (‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 1). ™ÙËÓ ÂÏ-ÏËÓÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÙÚÂȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ÂÚÈÏË-Êı› ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ÈÛ·ÓÈ΋˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘: ∏ ÚfiÙ·ÛË «¡ÈÒıÂÈ fiÙÈ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜» (10), Ô˘ ··ÓÙ¿Ù·È ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· «ŒÏÏÂÈ„ËÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜». ∏ ÚfiÙ·ÛË «¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÚ›ÂÚÁÔ, ‰ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË Ó· ÂÍÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ» (20), Ô˘ ÊfiÚÙÈÛ ÙÔÓ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·«ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜», Î·È Ë ÚfiÙ·ÛË «Œ¯ÂÈ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÁËÙfi» (32), Ô˘ ÊfiÚÙÈÛ ÙÔÓ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· «ªÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·/¿Á¯Ô˜».

¶ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ, Û ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ÂÚ›Ô˘15 ËÌÂÚÒÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠ·fi 5 ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÁÈ· ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıË-Ù¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÙÔ Â›¯·Ó Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿. §fiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ÊfiÚÙÔ˘ ÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó 13 ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ·.

∏ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Pearson r, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ·ÓÂͤٷÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi-ÛÙËΠ۠οı ̛· ·fi ÙȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Î·È ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Û˘ÌÏ‹Úˆ-ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘, Î˘Ì¿ÓıËΠ·fi .71-1, Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË «¶·Ú·-ÔÓÈ¤Ù·È ÁÈ· ۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓԯϋÛÂȘ» (r = .09). √ ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ÛÔ˘˜fiÚÔ˘˜, Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ ‰Â›ÎÙË Cronbach’s alpha ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ.

∂Ȃ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË

∏ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ÂϤÁ¯ıËΠÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÌÂÂȂ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ. ∏ ÂȂ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÈ-Ϥ¯ıËΠ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ AMOS v20. §fiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¤Î·ÓÂ Ë Î¿-ı ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁfi˜, ÎÚ›ıËΠ·Ó·Áη›· Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ÌÔÓÔ̤ÚÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·ÈÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ̤ıÔ‰Ô (Common-method bias/Variance (CMV, Podsakoff, MacKenzie,Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003), ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‡ §·Óı¿ÓÔÓÙ· ¶·Ú¿ÁÔ-ÓÙ· (Common Latent Factor, CLF). ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÊÔÚÙ›˙ÂÈ Ë Î¿ı ÚfiÙ·ÛË, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô

158 ª. ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2: ª¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ, Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ Î·È Cronbach’s a ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘

∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜

¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ª.√. Δ.∞. ∞lpha

1. ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ 0.84 0.82 .922. ªÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·/¿Á¯Ô˜ 1.06 0.80 .893. ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ 0.73 0.76 .854. ∂˘ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ· 0.76 0.82 .74¡ = 494

ÊÔÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó fiϘ ÔÈ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. √ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÓÔ̤ÚÂÈ·Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·Û›· fiÛ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ ¤‰ˆÛÂ Ë Î¿ı ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁfi˜, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ·˘-Ùfi˜ ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ ·fi fiÏ· Ù· Û˘ÌÏËڈ̤ӷ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ·.

ΔÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ ̤ۈ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ (‚Ï. ™¯‹Ì· 1), ÂÈ‚Â-‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·‰Â›¯ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿-Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ·Ê·ÈÚ› fï˜ οÔȘ ÂÈϤ-ÔÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô (9, 19, 22, 23, 17). μÏ¤Ô˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·˘Ùfi fiÙÈÔÈ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÊÔÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Î¿ı ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ¿Óˆ·fi .40. ∏ ̤ÁÈÛÙË ÊfiÚÙÈÛË Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚Â Ô ÎÔÈÓfi˜ Ï·Óı¿ÓˆÓ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ‹Ù·Ó .19 (‚Ï.™¯‹Ì· 1). ∏ ÊfiÚÙÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ˘„ˆÌ¤ÓË ÛÙÔ ÙÂÙÚ¿ÁˆÓÔ Î·È Â› ÙÔȘ ÂηÙfi, .192*100 =3.61%, ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· «¡ËÈ·ÁˆÁfi˜»Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi. ∂Âȉ‹ Ë ÙÈÌ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ¯·ÌËÏ‹, ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ·-Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ¡ËÈ·ÁˆÁfi˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚ¤˜. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ÙÔ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ 98.3% Ù˘ ‰È·Î‡-Ì·ÓÛ˘ ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·˘-Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi: ¯2(59, ¡ = 494) = 568.14, p < .001, CMIN/DF = 3.86,CFI = .95, RMSEA (Mean Square Error of Approximation) = .075 (90% CI =.069-.081), SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) = .081 (90% CI =.075-.087) (Byrne, 2010).

∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ·È‰È¿ 159

™¯‹Ì· 1: MÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂȂ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ

™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜

∫·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Î·È Ê‡ÏÔ

∏ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·Ú¿-ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÂϤÁ¯ıËΠ̠ÌÔÓÔÌÂÙ·-‚ÏËÙ‹ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ (‚Ï ¶›Ó·Î· 3). μÚ¤ıËΠÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·-ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘,Ì ٷ ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Ó· ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó «ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·/¿Á¯Ô˜» Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fiÙ· ·ÁfiÚÈ·. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi «Â˘ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ·» Û ÌÂÁ·-χÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·.

™À∑∏Δ∏™∏

¶·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Û ·È‰È¿ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÏÂÙËı›·ÚÎÂÙ¿, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Â·ÚÎÒ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËı› Û ·È‰È¿ ËÏÈΛ·˜ οو ÙˆÓ 6 ÂÙÒÓ (Luby,2010). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ· ηÈÓ· Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·. ∞˘Ùfi ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ú-¯ÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ·. √ ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ∫·Ù·-ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘-Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·Ó›¯Ó¢Û˘ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏË-ı˘ÛÌfi.

√ ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·˜ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›··ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘. ∞˘Ùfi ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ê·È-ÓÔÌÂÓÈ΋ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂȂ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓÛ ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ (¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ ηȷÓËÛ˘¯›·/¿Á¯Ô˜, ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Â˘ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ·).

160 ª. ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3: ª¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ, Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÔÓÔÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜

·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ™˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ¶·È‰È¿ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∏ÏÈΛ·s

ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ.

¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ∞ÁfiÚÈ· ∫ÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·

ª.√. Δ.∞. ª.√. Δ.∞. F p

1. ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ 0.78 0.80 0.91 0.83 2.88 .092. ªÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·/¿Á¯Ô˜ 0.96 0.72 1.16 0.88 8.26 .0013. ŒÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.74 1.64 .204. ∂˘ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ· 0.97 0.86 0.54 0.72 36.33 .001

¡ = 494

√È ÙÚÂȘ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ (¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·›ÛıËÌ· ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜,ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·/¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È Â˘ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ·) Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÙˆÓ Levi et al. (2001). √ ٤ٷÚÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ (¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜) ‚Ú¤ıËΠÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË, Û ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ì ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢-Ó· ÙˆÓ Leon et al. (1980). º·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ÛÙ··È‰È¿ Ì ÙËÓ ·ıËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ΔÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ›ӷÈ, ›Û˘, ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÌÂϤÙ˜ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜, Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó·¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi Ù· «Ù˘Èο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·», fiˆ˜ ·ÓË-‰ÔÓ›·, Ô˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Â˘¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ·È¯Ó›‰È(Chrisman et al., 2006. Luby et al., 2003. Luby, 2010). ∂›Û˘, ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ì·˜ ÚÔ-¤Î˘„Â Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ «Â˘ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ·», Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· «ı˘Ìfi˜ Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·» Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Levi et al.(2001). ΔÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ۇÁ¯ÚÔÓ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤-Ó· Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÁÎ·Ï˘Ì¤ÓË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ó˘¿Ú-¯ÂÈ Ì ¤Î‰ËÏ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (∫¿ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ & ª·ÓÈ·‰¿ÎË, 2006. Tisher,1995).

√È ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜,Î·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·-ıÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›·. ∏ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· fï˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂˆÓ Ù·˘ÙÔ¯ÚfiÓˆ˜Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ù˘ ηٷıÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔ-ÏÔÁ›·˜, ÌÈ· ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ıˆÚË-ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-Ó˘ Ê¿Û˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ‹ ·ÎfiÌË ÎÈ ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ ÚÔ-Û·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠fï˜ Ó· ·Ô-ÎÏ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÔÈ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚfiˆÚ· ÛËÌ¿‰È·Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘, ·fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ô˘ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ÔÈ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ӷ ηٷıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ËÏÈ˘.

™ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ËÏÈΛ· Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹Û·ÌÂ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈ-‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi˜ Î·È ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë Ï·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·Î·È ÙÚˆÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·È‰È΋ ËÏÈΛ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÙÔ˘›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘-ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Levi et al., 2001). ™Â η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ··Ú·Ù‹ÚËÙ·, ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÔÚ-ıfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÎÚ›Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· ÁÈ· Ù˘¯fiÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈ-ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (∞uger, 2004).

™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ‚Ú¤ıËΠÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, Ì ٷ ·ÁfiÚÈ· Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ¿Ù·È fiÙÈ ·-ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ¢ÂÚÂıÈÛÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·,

∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û ·È‰È¿ 161

ÂÓÒ Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿˜ Î·È ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜/¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi·fi Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ·. Δ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ¤Ú¢ӷ Û ·È‰È¿ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 2-5 ÂÙÒÓ, Û ÌË ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰Â ‚Ú¤ıËΠÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ (∞ngold et al., 2004). ∞·ÈÙ›ٷÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ‡-ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ê˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ Û ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜.

Δ·˘Ùo¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, Ë ÌÂϤÙË ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó ˘fi„Ë ÛÙËÓÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜Û ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË, Ô ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒıËÎ·Ó Î·Ù¿ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‰˘Ó·Ùfi-ÙËÙ·˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì οÔÈÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô, ηıÈ-ÛÙ¿ ·Ú·ÎÈÓ‰˘ÓÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ‚¤‚·ÈˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ·Ú¿ÙËÓ ÂȂ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ˘‹Ú¯Â ¤Ó·˜ ÈηÓfi˜·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (12) Ô˘ ·Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÈÛ·ÓÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ.

Δ¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÛÙËÚ›¯ÙËΠ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ∫È ÂÓÒ Ô ·Ú¿-ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ٷηٷıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ô ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ Ô˘Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ηıÈÛÙ¿ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÙË ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÈı-Ìfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ¶·Ú’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Û η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÔÈ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂηÈ-‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·fi ÌfiÓ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚΛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓÌ ηٷıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË. ∞Ó Î·È ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·-Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜,˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÎÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÌÂ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›· η-Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ªÂÏ-ÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘-Ìو̿وÓ, Û ÁÂÓÈÎfi ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, Ì ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËÙ¤˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ›‰È· Ù· ·È‰È¿. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·È‰È¿ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ (οو ÙˆÓ 6 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ) ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ¤Á΢ÚË Ë-Á‹ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ (Luby, Belden, Sullivan, &Spitznagel, 2007).

¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÌÂϤÙË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ·Ó ·Ú¯È΋ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈ-Λ·, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. Δ·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· η-Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜, ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡-ÓÙÔÌÔ Î·È Â‡¯ÚËÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ·Ó›¯Ó¢Û˘ ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÂÓÒ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·˘-ÛÌ· ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË.

162 ª. ™. ¶Ô‡ÏÔ˘

™˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ·

∏ ·È‰È΋ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙ› Ì ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· Û ·È‰È¿ ÚÔ-Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ (Kovacs & Paulauskas, 1984). øÛÙfiÛÔ Ë Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¿Ï-Ϙ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿, Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ··Ú·Ù‹-ÚËÙ˜ ·fi ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ (Luby et al., 2004). ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓÊ·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Û ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ (Njoroge & Bernhart, 2011),·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Luby et al., 2004). √È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ fi¯È Ìfi-ÓÔ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ·Ó·Áη›Ô, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÈÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ¤ÁηÈÚÔ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ηٿ-ıÏȄ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÈfiÏ·˜ ËÏÈΛ·. ™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÒÛÙÂÓ· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó›¯Ó¢ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë˜ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ·Ó ·Ú¯È΋ ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓÎ·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙȉڿÛˆÓ, ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·.

∂ÈÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÏÏÈ‹ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·, ÙË ‰È¿-ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Kleftaras& Didaskalou, 2006. Taggart & McMullan, 2007). ΔÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÈ˜Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (Taggart & McMullan, 2007). ∂›Ó·È ··-Ú·›ÙËÙÔ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÊÔÚ›˜ „˘-¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· (Kirchner et al., 2000), ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË ÚÔÁÚ·Ì-Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘, ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ˘ÔʤÚÔ˘Ó ·fiÛ˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË ·˘Ù‹, ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÛÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓÛ˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ (Willis,1996), ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·-ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ËÏÈΛ·.

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DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN PRESCHOOLCHILDREN: A CHECKLIST FOR TEACHERS

Maria S. Poulou University of Patras

Abstract: ∂mpirical evidence suggests that depression can be present in children already frompreschool age. Depression often goes undetected by parents and educators. The present studyproposes the use of a brief and easy to use tool to capture symptoms of depression in youngchildren by preschool teachers. Thirty two preschool educators completed a preschoolchildren depression checklist for 494 preschoolers. It was found that preschool childrenpresent emotional and behavioral responses that are indicative of depressive symptoms, withsignificant differences between boys and girls. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysisconfirmed the organization of the responses into factors such as lack of vitality andworthlessness, loneliness and anxiety, lack of interest for activities, and irritability. The toolcan be useful for the detection of depressive symptoms in children of preschool age byeducators.

Key words: Checklist of depressive symptoms, Depression, Preschool age, Teachers' perceptions.

Address: P.O. Box 40069, Athens 12310. Δel: +30-6938208781. ∂-mail: mpoulou@upatras.gr