JP411 (1996/07/25)

(inflectional language)

“Aeneas cum sociis ex patria flammis deleta in Siciliam, a Sicilia ad oras Italiaenavigabat Latioque appropinquabat ... Animi virorum magna maestitia captierant ... ”

(navigare, appro-pinquare, esse) (deletus, magna, captum) (socius,patria, flamma etc.) (Sicilia, Latium, Italia)

(conjugation) ( declension)

(isolated language)

– 1 –

(agglutinative language)

(syntax) (sentence)

(word) (morphology)

(derivative) (derivation)

(morpheme)

(morphosyntax)

(phonology)

– 2 –

(phonetics) (phoneme)

(pragmatics) (speach act)

(syntax) (sentence) [N1 N2 A3 N4 M5 … Vn]

(morphology) (morpheme) / hare. ru. des. yoo. ka / / V+f+v+f=p /

(phonology) (phoneme) /a/, /u/, /o/, /p/, /k/, /t/ …

– 3 –

(structuralism)

(morphosyntax)

(one word phrase)

gendaigoga/ gakusyano/ kenkyuuno/ taisyooni/ nari/ ippanno/ kansinno/ tyuusinto/sareru/ yooni/ nattanowa/ meizi/ igono/ kotode/ aru//

(morpheme)

Rickmeyer, Jens : Morphosyntax der japanischen Gegenwartssprache; Die Reihe „Deutsch und Japanischim Kontrast“, Bd. 2., 1985, Jurius Groos Verlag, Heidelberg. “MSJG”

Rickmeyer, Jens: Sonderheft „Sprachbau“, S. 34 aus: Lewin, Bruno (Hrsg.): Sprache und Schrift Japans(Handbuch der Orientalistik V, I, 2), E. Brill, Leiden, S. 26 – 62.

– 4 –

(lexeme) (affix) (word class)

. =

GENDAI.go=ga GAKUSYA=no KENKYUU=no TAISYOO=ni NARI

vN1 +n=p nN2=p nN3=p vN4=p vV5

IPPAN=no KANSIN=no TYUUSIN=to S.are.ru YOO=ni NAT.ta=no=wa

nN6=p nN7=p vN8=p kV9+v+f vNk10=p vV11+f=n=p

MEIZI IGO=no KOTO=de AR.u

nN12 nN13=p vN14=p V15+f

(dependence structure)

GENDAI.go=ga

GAKUSYA=no

KENKYUU=no

TAISYOO=ni

NARI

MEIZI

IGO=no

KOTO=de

AR.u

IPPAN=no

KANSIN=no

TYUUSYIN=to

NAT.ta=no=wa

S.are.ru

YOO=ni

phrase

phrase

phrase

sentence

„Sprachbau“, S. 34 (Phrase) (sentence)

– 5 –

JP411

(morpheme) (phoneme)

(lexeme)

(affix)

(word classes)

(verb: V)

“Ru/Ta”

(Rickmeyer,J.:MSGJ, S.26)

Rickmeyer,J.: MSJG, S. 27f.

– 6 –

(adjective: A)

“i/ku”

(noun: N)

(substantive)

(comple-ment)

(nominal adjective: K)

Rickmeyer,J.: MSGJ, S.28)

– 7 –

(adnominal: D)

(adverb: M)

(interjection: I)

L+Ru/Ta L+i/ku

L=ga/o; kono/sono/ano L

L=na N; L=ni V

L N; L V

L V; L=to V; L=ni V

V A N

K

M

D

I

(Rickmeyer,J.: MSGJ, S. 307f., 349f.)

Rickmeyer,J.: MSJG, S. 29.

– 8 –

(affix)

(suffix in a broad sense)

(suffix in a narrow sense) (particle) (flexive)

morpheme

lexeme (V, A, N, K, D, M, I)

prefix

suffix in a broad sense

suffix in a narrow sense

particle

flexive

Rickmeyer,J.: MSJG, S. 32.

– 9 –

/KAK.u/V+f

/KAK.ase.ru/V+vv 11 + f

/KAK.sas.rare.ru/V+v1+vv 22+ f

/KAK.sas.rare.mas.u/V+v1+v2+vv33+ f

/KAK.u/V+f

/KAK.u.rasi.i/V+f =aa11+f

/KAK.u.rasi.i.des.u/V+f =a1+f = vv22 +f

Rickmeyer,J.: MSJG, S. 30f.

/-kar.u/ /-An.u/

– 10 –

5

prefix (q-) /o-/, /bu-/, /zen-/, /maC-/ …

suffix in a broadsense

suffix in a narrowsense

suffix verb (-v) /-Rare.ru/, /-gar.u/ …

suffix adjective (-a) /-Ana.i/, /-ta.i/, /-ppo.i/ …

suffix noun (-n) /-ko/, /-nin/, /-sa/, /-mi/ …

suffix nominal adjective (-k) /-soo/, /-teki/, /-ge/ …

suffix adverb (-m) /-tutu/, /-tyuu/, /-gake/ …

particle

particle in a narrow sense (=p) /=ga/, /=o/, /=ni/, /=kara/ …

particle verb (=v) /=da/, /=des.u/

particle adjective (=a) /=rasi.i/, /=be.ki/

particle noun (=n) /=no/, /=made/, /=dake/ …

particle nominal adjective (=k) /=mitai/

flexive (-f)/-Ru/, /-Ta/, /-Reba/, /-Te/ …

/-i/, /-ku/, /-kute/, /-kereba/

– 11 –

– 12 –

JP411

(consonant verb: Vc) (vocalic verb: Vv) (irregular verb: Vu)

(stem)

consonant verbs(Vc)

b-stem / ASOB.u/ …

g-stem / ISOG.u/ …

k-stem / KAK.u/ …

m-stem / YOM.u/ …

n-stem / SIN.u/

r-stem / KAER.u/ …

s-stem / KAS.u/ …

t-stem / MAT.u/ …

{w}-stem / KA{W}.u/ …

vocalic verbs(Vv)

e-stem / TABE.ru/ …

i-stem / MI.ru/ …

irregular verbs(Vu)

(Vu1)

k-stem / K .uru/

s-/z-stem

/ S.u/, / S .uru/

/ TASS .u/, / TASS .uru// ENZ .u/, / ENZ .uru/ …

mas-stem / GOZAIMAS.u//-mas.u/

Vc(Vu2)

ar-stem / IRASSYAR.u/ …

/ IK.u/

Vv (Vu3) / Ø.uru/ or / E.ru//-ø.uru/ or /-e.ru/

Rickmeyer,J.: MSGJ, S.61–63.

– 13 –

{w}-stem {w} /a/

/s/ /z/

/ K.u/ / S.u/

/ KO/ / SE/ (vacalic stem)

{w} (h) /f/ /kaf.u/ /f/ 11 /w/

(Rickmeyer, J.: Vorbemerkungen in „Einführung in das klassische Japanischanhand der Gedichtanthologie Hyakunin isshu“, 1985, Hermut Buske, Hamburg, S. VII f.)

(Rickmeyer, J.: MSGJ, S.63) Rickmeyer, J.: Einführung in das klassische Japanisch, S. 12. MSGJ

– 14 –

(stem-form) (basis-form)

finaite forms

Presens *) /-Ru/ perfect /-Ta/

future /-Yoo/ perfect-future /-Taroo/

imperative/-e/ /-ro/

(negated future: /-mai/ )

adverbal forms

conditional /-Reba/ perfect-conditional /-Tara(ba)/

negated paticiple*) /-Azu/ participle /-Te/

exemplative /-Tari/

*) /-Azu/ /-Ru/ (Adnominal form) /-Azaru/

/-Ru/, /-Yoo/, /-Reba/

/-Azu/

/-T/

/-yoo/ s-/z-stem

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.69-80. /-mai/ /-Azaru/(mood)

– 15 –

mas-stem /-mas.yoo//-Am.u/

Vc/ ASOB.oo/

Vv/ TABE.yoo/

Vu1

/ KO .yoo/

/ KA{W}.oo/ / KI.yoo/ / SI .yoo/

Vu2/ IK.oo/ Vu3 /E.yoo/ / TASSI .yoo/

/ NASAR.oo/ / ENZI .yoo/

/-mas .yoo/

/-yo/

Vc / ASOB.e// KA{W}.e/

Vu1/ - mas.e/

Vu2 / IK.e/

Vv / TABE.ro// KI.ro/

/ TABE.yo// KI.yo/

Vu3

Vu1

/ KO.i/

/SI.ro/ / SE.yo/

/ TASSI.ro/ / TASSE.yo/

/ ENZI.ro/ / ENZE.yo/

Vu2 / NASA .i/

Rickmeyer, Jens: Einführung in das klassische Japanisch, S.17.

– 16 –

/-e/ /-ro/

Vu1 s-/z-stem (Vv)

/-i/ mas-stem (s-stem)

(Vu2) ar-stem /r/ (elimination)

/-i/ /=yo/

(Vu1) s-/z-stem /=yo/

/-mai/ /-mai/

/=mai/

s-/z-stem (Vv)

mas-stem (s-stem)

Vc

Vu1

Vu2

Vv / TABE.mai// KI.mai/

Vu3 / E.mai/ / Ø.uru.mai/

(Vu1) /KO/

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.74.Rickmeyer, J. : Einführung in das klassische Japanisch, S.58.

– 17 –

Vu1

/ KO.mai/ / KI.mai/

/SI.mai/

/ TASSI.mai/

/ ENZI.mai/

(Vu2, Vu3)(Vu1) /-ureba/

mas-stem

Vc/ ASOB.eba/

Vv/ TABE.reba/

Vu1

/ K .ureba/

/ KA{W}.eba/ / KI.reba/ / S .ureba/

Vu2/ IK.eba/ Vu3 /E.reba/ / TASS .ureba/

/ NASAR.eba/ / ENZ .ureba/

/-mas .ureba/

/-Azaru/ /-Azu/

(Vu2)(Vu1) (Vu3)

(Vu1) mas-stem/-Azaru/

/-Azu AR.u/ (contraction)

/-Azaru/

/-Azaru/ s-/z-stem

/-Azaru/

Vc

/ ASOB.azu// ASOB.azaru/

Vv

/ TABE.zu// TABE.zaru/

Vu1

/ KO.zu// KO.zaru/

/ KAW.azu// KAW.azaru/

/ KI.zu// KI.zaru/

/ SE.zu// SE.zaru/

Vu2

/ IK.azu// IK.azaru/

/ TASSE.zu// TASSE.zaru/

/ NASAR.azu// NASAR.azaru/

/ ENZE.zu// ENZE.zaru/

– 18 –

/ -uru/ /-Azaru/

/-uru/ (adnominal forms)

/-Ru/ /-Ta/

e-stem i-stemi-stem /KI.ru/

/OK.u/ e-stem/UK.u/

/OK.uru/ /UK.uru/

/K.u/ /S.u/ /K.uru//S.uru/ /KANS.u/ /KANZ.u

s-/z-stem/KI.ru/ /AKE.ru/

/-uru/

/-uru//AR.u/

/ARI//-Azaru/

/-T//-t.u/

/-te/ /-T//-t.u/

i-steme-stem

Rickmeyer, J. : Einführung in das klassische Japanisch, S. 32.

– 19 –

s-stem

(Vu2) k-stem r-, t-, {w}-stem ar-stem r-stem

mas-stem s-stem

classical forms: /vbasis +te/ modern forms

b-, m-, n- stem /…b(m,n)i.t…/ /…n.d…/

g- stem /…gi.t…/ /…i.d…/

k- stem /…ki.t…/ /…i.t…/

r-, t-, {w}- stemar- stem

/…r(t,{w})i.t…//…ari.t…/

/…t.t…//…t.t…/

s-/mas- stem/…si.t…/

/…masi.t…//…si.t…/

/…masi.t…/

k- stem /iki.t…/ /it.t…/

/-T/ /O KI.

r u/ /KA NS.u r u//-T/

Presens / O KI .ru / / KA NS.u ru /

classical form / O K.u / / KA NS.u /

Perfect / O KI.ta / / KA NSI.ta /

Perfect-future / O KI.taroo / / KA NSI.taroo /

Perfect-conditional / O KI.ta ra / / KA NSI.ta ra /

/ O KI.tara ba / / KA NSI.tara ba /

Participle / O KI. te / / KA NSI. te /

Exemplative / O KI.ta ri / / KA NSI.ta ri /

– 20 –

b-stem m-stem n-stem

[ ] [ ] [ ]

g-stem k-stem s-stem

[ ] [ ] [ ]

r-stem t-stem {w}-stem

[ ] [ ] [ ]

k-stem ar-stem mas-stem

[ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

– 21 –

i-stem e-stem Vu3:

(Ø.uru/ E.ru)

k-stem s-stem mas-stem

[ ]

[ ]

s-stem z-stem Vv: i-stem

[ ]

– 22 –

(suffix verbs: -v)

to the stem

“causative”

/-Sase.ru/

Vu1 / KO.sase.ru // S.ase.ru /

(Vv, Vu1)+Sase+Rare.ru(Vc:s-stem)+Sase+Rare.ru

/-Sas.u/

Vu1 / KO.sas.u // S.as.u /

(Vc: other)+Sas+Rare.ru

/-Asime.ru/ (Vu1: s-/z-stem): vocalic stem/ ENZE.sime.ru /

“passive”“honorative”

/-Rare.ru/ Vu1 / KO.rare.ru // S.are.ru /

(Vu1:s-/z-stem): vocalic stem

“potential”/-Rare.ru/

VvVu1 / KO.rare.ru /

(Vu1:s-/z-stem): vocalic stem

/-Re.ru/ Vc

“negation” /-An.u/Vu1 / KO.n.u /

/ SE.n.u /(Vu1:s-/z-stem): vocalic stem(Vu1:mas-stem): /-mase.n.u/

to the basis

“honorative” /-mas.u / (-Vu1: mas-stem)

“neg. potential” /-kane.ru/

“potential” /-ø.uru/, /-E.ru/ (-Vu3)

“pejorative” /-yagar.u/

“imperative” /-tama{w}.e/

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.84–91.

– 23 –

/-An.u//-An.u/

/-Ananda/

/-Ananda/

(suffix adjectives: -a)

to the stem “negation” /-Ana.i/Vu1: k-stem / KO.na.i /

s-/z-stem / SI.na.i // ENZI.na.i /

to the basis “voluntative” /-ta.i/

(suffix nominal adjectives: -k)

to the basis“nearly …” /-soo/

“tend to …” /-gati/

(suffix nouns : -n)

to the basis

“way to …” /-buri/ or /-ppuri/

“how to …”/-kata/

/-yoo/ /ZAMA/ (N)

(suffix adverbs : -m)

to the basis

“repeatedly” /-tu/

“while …” /-tutu/

“on the way to…” /-gatera/

“just before to …”/-sina/

/-gake/

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.91–95.

– 24 –

(compound)

(V+V)(A+V, K+V)(N+V)

(V+V)

(V+V)

/o+TUTAE+S.uru/ (q+VBasis +V+f)/o-/

/o-/

/o-/

(A+V, K+V)

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.123f.

– 25 –

(N+V)

(verbal noun: Nv)

(N+V)

(VBasis+VBasis, N+VBasis, VBasis+N)

particle verb

particle adjective

particle noun

particle nominal adjective

others

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.215.Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.274f.Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.173, 275f.

– 26 –

(conjunctive particles)

to verbal participle “after…”

to verbal or adjectival finite forms

(pres., fut., perf., perf.-fut.)

“because…”

“if…” * present, perfect, (future) forms

“when (if)…” * present form only

“even though…”* future form only

* adjectives in present only

“… but”

“… and” * present or perfect

“nothing other than…” * present form only

“as soon as…” * present form only

to verbal basis form “while…”“even though…”

(focussing particles)(/-Te/)

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.128.

– 27 –

JP411

“adverbial”

(A) (-a) (=a)

to the stem forms

finite form presens /-i/

adverbial /-ku/

adverval forms participle /-kute/

conditional /-kereba/

/-ki/ (adnominal presens)

/TYUUMOKU+S.u=be.ki//TURANUK.u(=ga)=goto.ki/

/-si/

/KOTAER.u=be.ki=des.u/

/TYOOTATU+S.u=be.ku//MA{W}.u(=ga)=goto.ku/

Rickmeyer, J.: MSGJ, S.196-200.Rickmeyer, J.: MSGJ, S.195f.

– 28 –

/KAZE=goto.ki=de//DOTOO=no=goto.ku/

(assimilation)

/-ku/ /-u/

a- or o-stem /HAYA.ku/ /HAYA.u/ /HAYOO/

/OSO.ku/ /OSO.u/ /OSOO/

u-stem /SAMU.ku/ /SAMU.u/ /SAMUU/

i-stem /YOROSI.ku/ /YOROSI.u/ /YOROSYUU/

/-ku/

/-Ana.i/

/-Azu//-Ana.i=de/ /-Ana.i/

/=de/

/-Ana.i/ /-An.u/

/-An.u//-Azu/

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.199.Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.198f.

– 29 –

/-Ade//-Ande/

/-Anaide/

/-Anaide/

(contraction) /SIRO.kar.u/

/-kar.u/(-vc:r-stem) (A+v+f)

before contraction after contraction

(1) future : /SIRO.kar.oo/

(2) imperative : /SIRO.kar.e/

– negated future :

(3) negated participle : /SIRO.kar.azu/

negated presens : /SIRO.kar.azaru/

(4) perfect : /SIRO.kat.ta/

(5) perfect-future : /SIRO.kat.taroo/

(6) perfect-conditional : /SIRO.kat.tara/

(7) exemplative : /SIRO.kat.tari/

/-kar.u/

Rickmeyer, J. : Einführung in das klassische Japanisch, S.13, 47f../-Anaide/ /-Azu/, /-Azaru/, /-Ananda/

Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.201f.Rickmeyer, J. : MSGJ, S.202-204.

– 30 –

suffix verbs (-v)

– /-kar.u/

“suffer/be worried” /-gar.u/

“become …”or

“make it …”

/-m.u/

/-mar.u/

/-mer.u/

suffix adjectives (-a)

“relatively …” /-ppo.i/

/-ta.i/

“find it …” /-rasi.i/

/-tarasi.i/

suffix nominal adjectives (-k) “it seems …”/-soo/

/-ge/

suffix nouns (-n) “how …it is”/-sa/

/-mi/

suffix adverb (-m) “relatively …” /-me/

(pres., fut., perf., perf.-fut.)

– 31 –

(/KAK.ana.i/ )

/NA.i/

/KAI.ta/ (V+f)/KAK.ana.kat.ta/ (V+a+v+f) /SIRO.kat.ta/ (A+v+f) /NA.kat.ta/

(A+v+f)

/-mas.u//-mas.u/ /=des.u/ /SIRO.i=des.u/

/-mas.u//KAKI.masi.ta/ /=des.u/

/SIRO.kat.ta =des.u/ /SIRO.i=desi.ta/

/SIRO.kari.mas.u/ /SIRO.kari.masi.ta/

/NA.i=des.u//KAKI.mase.n.u/ /ARI.mase.n.u/

/SIRO.kari.mase.n.u/

/-Ana.i/, /-mas.u//-kar.u/

++ + + +

+ +

P. S.

– 32 –

JP411

/KANGAE.rare.na.i/

/KANGAE/ (Vv) (stem)

/rare/ /-Rare.ru/

/na/ /-Ana.i/

/A/

/i/ (presens)

/NA.kat.tara/

/NA/ (A)

/kat/ /-kar.u//-kar.u/ (-vc-r)

/-kari/ /-Ta/-Taroo/-Tara/-Te/-Tari/

/tara/ (perfect conditional)

/DEKI.na.kat.taroo/

/DEKI/ (Vv)

/na/ /-Ana.i/

/A/

/kat/ /-kar.u//-kar.u/ (-vc-r)

/-kari/ /-Ta/-Taroo/-Tara/-Te/-Tari/

/taroo/ (perfect-future)