Massimiliano Mandrile - FIAT GROUP AUTOMOBILES - LA RICERCA DI UN REFRIGERANTE A BASSO GWP: COS’HA...

XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE MILANO 7th-8th JUNE 2013 CSG

Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Under the Auspices of the PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

The quest of a new low GWP refrigerant: the reason behind an industry choice

Massimiliano MandrileFiat Group Automobiles



BACKGROUND

The European Union directive 2006/40/EC

•SCOPE: Mobile Air Conditioning systems (M1 and N1 classI)

•AIM: reduction of the atmosphere emissions of high Global

Warming Potential refrigerants.

•ACTION: ban of refrigerants with GWP>150 for MAC purpose.



HOW DID INDUSTRY MOVE

• Established teams involving manufacturers, MAC

components suppliers, national laboratories, universities

from all around the world.

• Investigated several fluids with the potential to be the

alternatives

GOAL

Find refrigerants

• The most environmental friendly

• As safe as the R-134a



• R-744 (GWP=1)

• R-1234YF (GWP=4)

THE LAST SURVIVORS



DIFFERENCIES

1,00

10,00

100,00

140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

Pres

sure

[bar

]

Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

R134a vs R744 vs HFO1234YF

R134a

R744

HFO1234YF

Parameters R-1234yf R-744

Minimum operational pressure (MPa) 0.3 3

Maximum operational pressure (MPa) 3 12

Operating maximum temperature (°C) 120 170

Compressor displacement range (mini to premium vehicles)

60cc – 170cc 15 - 30cc

Compressor’s number of piston 5 – 7 9

System weight (delta vs R-134a system) (kg) Zero 5 – 10

R-744: transcritical refrigeration

cycle at a very high pressure

R-1234YF: very close to the

R-134a.



TxV

EVAPORATOR

CONDENSER

COMPRESSORRefrigerant loop BURST DISC

12MPa

ACCUMULATOR

EVAPORATOR

GAS COOLER

COMPRESSOR

Refrigerant loop

INTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER

DIFFERENCIES

MAC system for R-1234yf (same as R-134a) MAC system for R-744



INDEXES: Global Warming Potential



INDEXES: Total Equivalent Warming Impact



INDEXES: Life Cycle Climate Performance



Green-MAC-LCCP© www.epa.gov/cpd/mac/compare.htm

18

110

16

59

30

61

293

13

93

10

4325

40

225

17

123

12

54

3348

286

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Africa & M.East Asia E. Europe N. America S & C.America W. Europe World

R-134a R-1234yf R-744

2017 Global CO2eq by Region [Mton]

R-744 CO2 emissions are always worst than R-1234yf.The gap is higher in the hotter countries where the emissions are even worst than those of R-134a.



CONCLUSIONS

• Automotive Industry spent a lot of efforts during several years looking for a refrigerant that could have a better environmental impact

• LCCP take into consideration both direct and indirect emission. It has been judge to be a more comprehensive parameter to evaluate a refrigerant capable to thoroughly meet the final expectation.

• Through a model built to evaluate LCCP for MAC, it has been seen that R-1234yf is the best choice for the environment and for that reason it has been chosen to substitute the R-134a.

Date post:	12-Sep-2014
Category:	Business
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Massimiliano Mandrile - FIAT GROUP AUTOMOBILES - LA RICERCA DI UN REFRIGERANTE A BASSO GWP: COS’HA...

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