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Scuola di Dottorato in Discipline dell’Architettura
Dottorato di Ricerca in “Rappresentazione, Tutela e Sicurezza dell’Ambiente e delle Strutture”
XXIV Ciclo
Seçkin Baştürk
THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN
SPATIAL DECISION MAKING
SETTORE SCIENTIFICO-DISCIPLINARE ING-IND/11
21 Novembre 2011
COORDINATORE TUTOR
prof. arch. Carmine Gambardella prof. ing. Luigi Maffei
CANDIDATO
arch. Seckin Basturk
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 1
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to demonstrate the necessity and the benefits of the
multisensory evaluation techniques. An innovative approach to assessment of
environments by multisensory evaluation, involving the end users during the
design process and administration is proposed. The multisensory stimulationphenomenon is studied with special emphasis on auditory perception.
The presented assessment methodology has been refined with the feedback of
various successive case studies with its implementation. The whole study
consists of two parts concerning the design of the new approach for assessment
of environments and its application on case studies that defines the potentiality
of it.
The presented assessment methodology is an innovative approach that
considers objective psychological measures as well as subjective measures in
perception and interpretation of the environments. In order to assess
psychological reactions of the end users, an immersive virtual reality system that
must be stimulating the end users feelings and emotions, proposed to be
employed. With the recent developments in IVR hardware and software it is
much easier to come up to a realistic representation of environments that lets
an ecological assessment of environments that takes into account the
multisensory and interdependent nature of human perception. In this context
the core of the thesis deals with the procedures on testing psychological
reactions in laboratory conditions and on the techniques to achieve plausible
depiction of environments.
The evaluation of potentiality of the innovative assessment method is carried
out applying the mentioned method on case studies. The case study applications
consider different scales and characteristics of sonic environments.
Consequently the feedback is obtained to refine the proposed assessment
method and to define necessities for different degrees of multisensory input andcontext.
Keywords: psychological measures, virtual reality, ecological assessment,
environmental noise assessment, multisensory perception, soundscape,
auralization
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 2
SOMMARIO
Lo scopo della presente ricerca è dimostrare le potenzialità ed i benefici
dell'applicazione di tecniche di Virtual Reality nella progettazione e
riqualificazione degli spazi urbani ed extraurbani. Questo approccio innovativo
comporta un più ampio coinvolgimento degli utenti finali, chiamati a collaborarecon le amministrazioni già in fase progettuale.
Viene di seguito presentata una metodologia di valutazione multisensoriale
messa a punto e verificata attraverso l'applicazione a diversi casi studio in
ambito urbano (spazi aperti e chiusi) ed extra urbano nel complesso. La ricerca
consta di due parti riguardanti la messa a punto del nuovo approccio per la
valutazione complessiva dell'ambiente e la verifica delle potenzialità attraverso
l'applicazione a casi studio.
Tale metodologia di valutazione è basata su misure psicologiche sia oggettive
che soggettive della percezione ed interpretazione degli ambienti. Allo scopo di
valutare le reazioni psicologiche degli utenti, è stato proposto un sistema di
Realtà Virtuale Immersiva capace di stimolare le emozioni dei soggetti,
sottoposti a diversi stimoli sensoriali con maggior enfasi a quello uditivo.
Grazie ai recenti sviluppi nella tecnologia della realtà virtuale (hardware e
software) è molto più facile ottenere una rappresentazione realistica degli
ambienti e delle loro componenti che ne consenta una valutazione complessiva
che tenga conto della natura multisensoriale ed interdipendente della
percezione umana. Pertanto il presente lavoro dedica un ampio spazio alle
procedure per la valutazione delle reazioni psicologiche soggettive in laboratorio
e le tecniche per realizzare ambienti sonori il più possibile realistici.
Parole chiave: misure psicologiche, realtà virtuale, valutazione ambientale,
valutazione del rumore ambientale, percezione multisensoriale, paesaggiosonoro, ruralizzazione.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 1
Table of Contents 3
List of Publications 5
1. Introduction 7
1.1. Aims of the Thesis 10
1.2. Outline of the Thesis 11
2. Review of the Literature 12
2.1. Environmental Psychology and Perception 12
2.1.1. Multisensory Perception 142.1.2. Auditory Perception and Audiovisual Interactions 16
2.1.3. Influence of Mood and Noise Sensitivity on 19
Sound Perception
2.2. Virtual Reality Environments 22
2.2.1. Multisensory Stimulation with Immersive VR 25
2.2.2. Auditory Representation and Auralization 27
2.3. Recent Multisensory Assessment Techniques in 30
Sound Related Studies
2.3.1. Environmental Noise Studies 302.3.2. Soundscape and Sound Quality Studies 34
3. The Design of Multisensory Assessment Method 37
3.1. Virtual Environment Design 37
3.1.1. Audio Stimuli Design for VR Application 37
3.1.2. Visual Stimuli Design for VR Application 43
3.2. Virtual Reality Immersion 46
3.2.1. VR Software 46
3.2.2. VR Hardware 49
3.3. Psychological Assessment Process Design 53
3.3.1. Assessment Measures 54
3.3.2. Assessment Procedure 65
3.3.3. Data Analyses 66
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 4
4. Application of Multisensory Assessment Method on 68
Case Studies
4.1. Environmental Noise Studies 68
4.1.1. Road Traffic Noise Assessment 68
4.1.2. Wind Turbine Noise Assessment 734.2. Urban Soundscape Studies 82
4.2.1. Urban Renewal Projects Assessment 82
4.2.2. Public Participation Support in
Urban Administration Processes 83
4.3. Room Acoustics Studies 86
4.3.1. Adaptive Reuse Projects Assessment 86
4.3.2. Acoustical Improvement Projects Assessment 90
4.4. Discussion and Future Directions 94
5. Conclusions 96
6. Bibliography 98
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 5
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
This thesis summarizes the following articles and publications, referred to as P1-P14:
P1_ S. BASTURK, L. MAFFEI, F. PEREA PÉREZ, , Á. RANEA PALMA,
“Multisensory evaluation to support urban decision making”, in
International Seminar on Virtual Acoustics – ISVA 2011, Valencia, Spain,
November 2011.
P2_ L. MAFFEI, M. MASULLO, S. BASTURK, “Potentialities of the immersive
virtual reality in environmental noise annoyance studies”, in
TecniAcustica 2011, Cáceres, Spain, October 2011.
P3_ S. BASTURK, Á. RANEA PALMA, F. PEREA PÉREZ, L. MAFFEI, “Análisis
multisensorial de la contaminación acústica en espacios urbanos”, in
TecniAcustica 2011, Cáceres, Spain, October 2011.
P4_ L. MAFFEI, N. ALEXEEVA, M. DI GABRIELE, M. MASULLO, S. BASTURK, F.
ALETTA, “Experiences on acoustic impact assessment by means of
immersive virtual reality”, in ELPIT 2011, Togliatti, Russia, September
2011.
P5_ L. MAFFEI, T. IACHINI, S. BASTURK, M. DI GABRIELE, V.P. SENESE,
“Soundscape approach for the impact assessment of wind farms”, in
Inter-Noise 2011, Osaka, Japan, September 2011.
P6_ L. MAFFEI, M. DI GABRIELE, S. BASTURK, “Multisensorial approach for the
functional conversion of monumental spaces in auditoria”, in IXInternational Forum Le Vie dei Mercanti, Capri/Naples, Italy, 9 - 11 June
2011.
P7_ M. DI GABRIELE, L. MAFFEI, S. BASTURK, M. MASULLO, “Le tecniche di
multisensorial virtual reality a supporto delle valutazioni di impatto
acustico”, in 38th AIA National Congress, Rimini, Italy, 8-10 June 2011.
P8_ L. MAFFEI, S. BASTURK, F. ALETTA, “Valutazione di interventi di
riqualificazione acustica di ambienti scolastici mediante l’applicazione
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 6
delle tecniche della realtà virtuale”, in 38th AIA National Congress,
Rimini, Italy, 8-10 June 2011.
P9_ M. MASULLO, G. IANNACE, S. BASTURK, L. MAFFEI, V.P. SENESE, F.
RUOTOLO, “The influence of vision on noise annoyance evaluation of wind farms”, in Fourth International Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise,
Rome, Italy, 12-14 April 2011.
P10_ S. BASTURK, R. CARAFA, L. MAFFEI, “The Validation of Architectural and
Acoustic Projects to Transform Ecclesiastical Architecture in Auditoria for
Concert Music”, in 1st EAA-EuroRegio 2010, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
September 2010.
P11_ F. RUOTOLO, S. IACHINI, L. MAFFEI, S. BASTURK, M. DI GABRIELE,“Subjective and objective psychological measures of environmental noise
assessment”, in 1st EAA-EuroRegio 2010, Ljubljana, Slovenia, September
2010.
P12_ F. PEREA PÉREZ, S. BASTURK, M. MASULLO, R. HERNANDEZ, “A Tool for
Environmental Auralization of Stationary Sound Sources”, in 1st EAA -
EuroRegio 2010, Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 2010.
P13_ L. MAFFEI, M. MASULLO, S. BASTURK, “New Tools for the NoiseAnnoyance Assessment of Projects”, in 2nd UNTREF International
Congress on Acoustics, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 2010.
P14_ L. MAFFEI, S. IACHINI, M. DI GABRIELE, S. BASTURK, G. RUGGERO, “New
Audio-Visual Approach For Environmental Noise Assessment”, in Inter-
Noise 2010, pp. 252, Lisbon, Portugal, July 2010.
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 7
1. INTRODUCTION
As space and spatial issues became the new paradigm of architectural theory
at the end of the twentieth century, all disciplines are getting more involved
with space, architecture or engineering has no more right to it than any
other. Space which is conceptual as well as physical, an embodiment of socialrelations and ideology, holds the person within. And spatial studies, within
and in-between different disciplines, focus on relationships between people
and their environments in order to promote spaces in line with the nature of
these relationships.
In recent decades the full spectrum of human experiences is being
considered a wide variety of fields; the design of consumer goods, marketing
and the design of private and virtual spaces amongst others. The reason for
this interest is demonstrated in several recent studies which reveal the
significant impact that spatial cues have on individuals’ behavior and can be
consequently employed to increase retail performance, inform successful
spatial designs and improve quality of life. Especially the places which are
subject to purchase of goods and services are increasingly being conceived
with their sensual characteristics. And multisensory design is getting much
more important to enhance interaction and to intensify the sensorial
experiences of people, related to the goods, services, spaces. Colors, lights,
tactile properties of materials, temperature, humidity, odors, and sounds are
increasingly considered with their physical properties, semantics and the way
that they are perceived.
Notwithstanding, still, sensory qualities are not considered enough in urban
spaces. As Mirko Zardini has pointed out, sanitization and standardization are
still very dominant movements for urban and environment related issues
(Zardini, Schivelbusch, and Centre canadien d’architecture 2005). As
sanitization and standardization deal with “basic” needs of a “generic”
person, the sensory qualities are being thought of as just physical quantitiesthat are subject to control and elimination. This approach, not being context-
aware, excludes differences and interactions between people, communities,
cultures, life styles, expectations and senses, likewise the conventional sound
related studies.
Environmental sounds are traditionally assumed as ‘waste’ to reduce or
eliminate. This assent has raised sanitization and standardization in this field.
The sanitization is accepted to be the objective of noise control engineering
and standardization is used as a tool to develop dose-response relationships.
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 8
Large social surveys carried out to investigate these relationships, in this way
the people’s subjective response to the noise could be predicted as a
function of certain physical characteristics of environmental noise (Schultz
1978). Data from social surveys, concerning different types of transportation
noise, led to development of a set of dose response curves. These dose-response curves are widely accepted by experts and took place in national
and international legislative efforts.
In European Union, the results of these studies provide the basis of the
European Noise Directive 2002/49/EC (European Parliament, Council 2002) in
which noise indicators Lden (day-evening-night equivalent level) and
Lnight (night equivalent level) were introduced. These indicators which are
derived from energetic levels of noise are supposed to be used to
understand, respectively, noise annoyance and sleep disturbance. The noiseannoyance is widely accepted to be the most important and best estimate of
the overall effect of environmental noise pollution as well as the sleep
disturbance (Miedema and Vos 1998) (Miedema and Oudshoorn 2001).
Furthermore, dose-effect relations were introduced in order to guide
assessing annoyance using the Lden and assessing sleep disturbance using
Lnight metrics (European Commission, WG2 – Dose/Effect 2002) (European
Commission, WG-Health and Socio-Economic Aspects 2004). With these
legislative and guiding efforts it is intended to estimate long-term and large-
scale effects of environmental noise on population and implement noisecontrol measures where it is needed.
Nevertheless, noise annoyance is a multi-faceted concept where the
psychosocial factors play role as well as the noise level (Maffei, Masullo, and
Basturk 2010). A statistically generalized noise indicator can mislead the
noise impact assessment when it is applied to different contexts, like
different cultures, life styles, expectations of population, etc. (Maris 2008). A
few recent studies shown the evidence that at different scales and contexts
the dose-effect curves and public reaction can vary therefore applying
generalized measures may cause impotent noise control actions (Lercher and
Botteldooren 2006)(Maffei et al. 2010). Also recent studies have shown that
the annoyance from aircraft noise has changed over past years (Guski
2004)(Brink et al. 2008) which lead up to questioning the stability of these
generalized approaches over time.
When examined it can be easily seen that these variations are strongly
related to how individuals perceive their surroundings. Throughout our daily
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 9
life environmental stimuli are continuously being sensed, sensations recall
our memories and previous experiences, and in turn trigger processing that
leads to the identification and recognition of our surrounding environment.
This process informs an individual’s response which occurs as a function of
the context in which the environmental stimuli are sensed. In other words,we perceive noise not just with our auditory system but with interplay of all
our senses to constitute a unique overall perception (Meredith 2002). There
are recent studies showing the evidence that there is a significant
cooperation between sensory modalities evaluating noise exposure (Fastl
2004)(Guillén and López Barrio 2007)(Haverkamp 2007).
Public information and consultancy is one of the most important underlying
principles of environmental policy of European Union. On this basis the
necessity to ensure public information and get public consultancy in thebeginning stages of the decision-making are mentioned in noise related
regulations, but no definition of the population involvement process were
specified. Noise maps and numerical data seem to be the tools pointed by
the legislation for the public information. However explaining noise which is a
conceptual phenomenon, with numerical noise data makes it less
comprehensible by general public.
In order to overcome these issues in noise impact assessment process,
recently, several researchers worked on new methods employing high endtechnology in laboratory conditions and focused on new user friendly
interfaces to present noise information and assessment of their reactions to
it. Conducting new extensive social surveys can give more realistic results
because they take place in real life settings. However they are expensive,
time-consuming and not applicable to assess future scenarios (new projects).
On the other hand laboratory experiments are relatively cheap, with a
specific aim they enable fast results and they are applicable to assess future
scenarios.
The laboratory settings can be prepared in two ways; preparing a physical
stage that represents real life which can be named as simulator, or preparing
a virtual stage (virtual environment) in order to display the scenario through
a computer interface. These laboratory tests should stimulate the listeners’
feelings and emotions (such as pleasantness, excitement, contentment) in
order to have realistic reactions to the sonic simulated environment. In other
words by these methods the sound and the complex environment are
experienced together (Otto et al. 1999).
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 10
Simulators usually offer more realistic experiments but they are expensive
and generally suitable to represent indoor conditions like living room or a
vehicle cabin (De Coensel et al. 2007)(Genuit and Bray 2001). On the other
hand, virtual stages are relatively cheap and fully customizable for any kind of
experimental need. There are several efforts in order to enhanceconventional laboratory listening tests and achieve a satisfactory virtual stage
(Hynninen 2001)(01dB-Metravib 2011)(Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration
Measurement A/S 2011)(HEAD acoustics GmbH 2011), however they offer
limited interaction with environment and usually limited immersion with only
a static representation (images/photos) of the environment. Besides, high-
end immersive virtual reality (IVR) systems offer satisfactory realism through
high quality display and high level of interaction. The potentiality of various
types of virtual reality systems in acoustics related studies is under study.
Virtual reality systems can be utilized for dissemination of the results of noisemaps (McDonald, Rice, and Dobbyn 2009), soundscape design and urban
planning (Brambilla et al. 2009)(Fiebig and Genuit 2009)(Drettakis et al.
2007)(Jallouli, Moreau, and Querrec 2008)(Curcuruto et al. 2010).
1.1. Aims of the Thesis
The aim of this thesis is to describe the design of an innovative multisensory
(acoustic and visual) assessment system and demonstrate the necessity and
the benefits of the multisensory evaluation techniques through case studies.
The realized system involves the end users during the design process and
administration of spatial issues in order to assess the perceived qualities of
the space.
Figure 1.1: Research areas and problems involved in this thesis study.
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THE USE OF MULTISENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES IN SPATIAL DECISION MAKING 11
The multisensory stimulation phenomenon is studied with special emphasis
on auditory perception and audio-video stimuli design, virtual reality
reproduction and the psychological assessment procedure design constitute
the proposed multisensory assessment system.
1.2. Outline of the Thesis
This thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the
research and literature related to environmental perception, approaches in
sound related studies and virtual reality systems. In Chapter 3, the
implemented multisensory assessment system is presented and details of the
stimulus design, virtual reality instrumentation and psychological assessment
procedure are explained. Chapter 4 presents the implementation of the
proposed multisensory assessment method to case studies. Finally, Chapter 5
concludes the thesis.