Vaticano II Dietro Front

8/6/2019 Vaticano II Dietro Front

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vaticano-ii-dietro-front 1/207

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wiollhµ(Wk wh gdf, cfllh Gdkfwh, hczkgh fyh gocwvfzvjkcf kl yfhnkyf

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9# Vch “cvo}h yflknkocf‒

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7# K “cvo}k pyomfzk‒ jfllh nkokh

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Gfyzo, kl Phph coc phylù “ft ghzdfjyh‒, coc kcnhnnkhc"

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6# Kl “Bojfyckwbo‒#

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=# Lh “Lkifyzà yflknkowh‒

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9;

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Gdkfwh jk Gykwzo f mvoyk jk Fwwh coc g‛ä pkû vc‛hlzyh yflknko"cf, pfy gvk pkû cfwwvco pvù whl}hywk “mvoyk jk Fwwh‒# L‛fy"yoyf, xvkcjk, wzh hppvczo kc xvfwzo1 jk }olfy yobpfyf gol jon"bh “Mvoyk jfllh Gdkfwh coc g‛ä whl}fqqh‒#

4# Lh whl}fqqh nhyhczkzh h zvzzk

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goczfcvzo# Bh xvfwzh “hpoghzhwzhwk‒ jk vc phyhllflkwbo jk jk"}fywf “mfjk‒ f boyhlf, zvzzf xvfwzf gyfjfcqf pfywochlk o jknyvppk yflknkowk, zolnoco onck wzkbh hllh cowzyh whczh yflknkocff woco gobf vc jkwpyfqqo jk fwwh#

Gobvcxvf, xvfwzk pykcgkpkk jfllh Yk}olvqkocf gocgklkhyffyhco nkà goczfcvzk cfl Jkwgoywo j‛hpfyzvyh jk Nko}hcckTTKKK jfll‛88 ozzoiyf 8;=9, f coc woco hmmhzzo kjff cvo}f,ifcwì lh moybvlhqkocf hyjkzh f hvzoykzhykh jk “fyyoyk‒ nkà goc"jhcchzk, gobf l‛opkckocf jk Oyknfcf gdf pfcwù pfywkco h vchzozhlf f jfmkckzk}h flkbkchqkocf jfl bhlf f pfy lh goc}fywkocfjfnlk wzfwwk jhcchzk, xvkcjk, l‛vck}fywhlf “ykzoyco‒ jfllfgyfhzvyf h Jko# Zhlf kpozfwk, pfyù, mv gocjhcchzh jhl Wkcojojk Gowzhczkcopolk cfl 6:7 $J"W :0;":88+#



70

Zfkldhyj jf Gdhyjkc, l‛“hckbh‒ jfl ]hzkghco KK#





79

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77

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XVHLKMKGH ZFOLONKGHXVHLKMKGH ZFOLONKGHJFL ]HZKGHCO KKJFL ]HZKGHCO KK

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7:

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goc lf phyolf1

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76

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7=

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7;

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800

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809

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Hl pvczo 88, kcmkcf, ä f}kjfczf l‛kpogykwkh cfl wvggfwwk}oykgdkhbo hllf yflhqkock goc l‛Kwlhb, gobf h}}fcvzo goc l‛F"iyhkwbo5 bh xvfwzo pvù wknckmkghyf gdf wk zyhzzk jk “yflh"qkock yflknkowf‒# Poyzhyf lh wgvwh jfllh mfjf cfl Jko vckgo, wk"nckmkgh kcwfnchyf hk mfjflk ghzzolkgk gdf, kc mocjo, mhywk bvw"

wvlbhco coc ä pok gowì bhlf# Pfy xvfwzo, hlloyh, wk ykpfzf jkgoczkcvo gdf oncvco jf}f fwwfyf lkifyo jk hiiyhggkhyf lh mfjfgdf }volf# Bh xvfwzo gdf oncvco ä lkifyo jk hiiyhggkhyf lhmfjf gdf }volf, coc ä vc }olfyf lh jfbolkqkocf jfllh Gdkf"wh?

Nlk fmmfzzk jk xvfwzh bfczhlkzà coc powwoco fwwfyf gdf vc“yflhzk}kwbo yflknkowo‒ gdf gocwkjfyh lf }hykf gocmfwwkockyflknkowf gobf “}kf‒ lfnkzzkbf jk ykgfygh jk Jko# Onck vobo,

xvkcjk, ä lkifyo jk wfnvkyf vch pyfwvczh }kh whl}kmkgh gdf nlkwfbiyh pkû gocnfckhlf goc lf wvf hwpkyhqkock yflknkowf# Bhxvfwzh ä lh ncowk bhwwockgh, fwpyfwwh cfllh “Cf~ hnf‒, gdf}volf lh w}hlvzhqkocf jfllh Yfjfcqkocf jk Gykwzo(

Xvfwzh ncowk ä lh jkmmkjh jk onck hzzo bkwwkochyko f hpolo"nfzkgo5 xvfwzh ä kl jkwwol}kbfczo jfllh wzfwwh Gdkfwh(

Gdf kl Wkncoyf, pfy kczfygfwwkocf jfllh wfbpyf }fynkcf Bh"ykh, Bhjyf jk Jko, pyfwfy}k lh wvh Gdkfwh f k wvok mfjflk jhnlk“fyyoyk‒ gdf gobbfzzoco nlk vobkck jfllh Gdkfwh }fyh, xvfl"lh ghzzolkgh(

!!!

Bh zoyckhbo hl pyoilfbh jfllh “nkvwzkmkghqkocf‒, pfygdëxvfwzo zfbh jfllh Nkvwzkmkghqkocf bfjkhczf lh mfjf ä vc zf"bh zyh k pkû kbpoyzhczk zyhzzhzk jfllh }hwzh wozfykolonkhpholkch#

L‛kbpoyzhcqh f l‛hzzvhlkzà jfl zfbh wk powwoco yhnnyvpphyfgowì1



807

8+ W# Pholo }fjf l‛fwwfcqkhlf jkmmfyfcqh gdf g‛ä zyh kl]hcnflo jk Gykwzo jhl nkvjhkwbo bowhkgo f yhiikckgo, lh jkmmf"

yfcqh jfllh nkvwzkmkghqkocf bfjkhczf lh Mfjf goc fwglvwkocfjfllf opfyf jhllh lfnnf#9+ Lh nkvwzkmkghqkocf jfllh ghzfgdfwk pholkch wvllh nkv"

wzkmkghqkocf bfjkhczf lh Mfjf, ä goczfcvzh cfl ]hcnflo gobfl‛hccvcgko lkfzo jk vch whl}fqqh jk Jko, ykwfy}hzh h goloyo gdfgyfjoco $Yob# 8,8= w#+#

7+ Kl zfbh jfllh “nkvwzkmkghqkocf bfjkhczf lh Mfjf‒ ä go"wzyvkzo wv ihwk pholkcf jfllh “nkvwzkqkh jk Jko‒, jfllh “nyh"

qkh‒, jfllh nyhzvkzà jfllh yfjfcqkocf…:+ Lh “nkvwzkmkghqkocf bfjkhczf lh Mfjf‒ ä vco jfk zf"

bk bhnnkoyk jfllh “Lfzzfyh hk Yobhck‒#6+ Ä vc zfbh gdf yknvhyjh jkyfzzhbfczf lh jkwpowkqkocf

goc gvk l‛vobo ä gdkhbhzo hj hggonlkfyf lh nyhqkh gdf Gykwzonlk pyopocf gol wvo ]hcnflo#

=+ Lh “nkvwzkmkghqkocf jfllh Mfjf"coc bfjkhczf opfyf‒ä vch jozzykch zfolonkgh pkû jvyhbfczf jkwgvwwh mkc jhll‛fpogh

jfllh Ykmoybh pyozfwzhczf f jfllh Goczyo"ykmoybh ghzzolkgh#

LH JOZZYKCH LVZFYHCHJFLLH NKVWZKMKGHQKOCF

Hcgdf Lvzfyo, pfy mocjhyf lh wvh jozzykch, wk ykmà pykc"gkphlbfczf wv lh “Lfzzfyh jk W# Pholo hk Yobhck‒#

Lo wzfwwo Dhcw Eücn fiif h wgyk}fyf1 ¥Wfcqh fwhnfyh"qkocf, wk pvù jkyf gdf lh jozzykch jfllh nkvwzkmkghqkocf ä hl"lh yhjkgf jk xvfll‛kbbfcwo gocmyoczo zfolonkgo kczoyco hl"lh }fyh moybh jfl gykwzkhcfwkbo5 gocmyoczo gdf jvyh mkco hkcowzyk nkoyck5 fwwh ä hllh yhjkgf jfllh pkû nyhcjf ghzhwzyomf gdfwk wkh hiihzzvzh wvllh gdkfwh ghzzolkgh, lvcno lh wvh wzoykh ik"bkllfchykhµ#

Zhlf jozzykch, Lvzfyo lh jfmkcì gobf xvfllh jfllh “nkvwzk"qkh kbpvzhzh‒# Lh wzfwwh jozzykch mv wkczfzkqqhzh goc lh moy"bvlh1 ¥wkbvl kvwzvw fz pfgghzoyµ# Ä kl bkjollo wzfwwo jfl pyo"zfwzhczfwkbo#



80:

Jkmhzzk, Lvzfyo, gowzhczfbfczf, ykpfzf gdf kl gykwzkhco cocä kczykcwfghbfczf nkvwzo# Lh wvh nkvwzkqkh ä xvfllh jk Gykwzo5

l‛vobo ykbhcf vc pfgghzoyf, wolo Jko lo yknvhyjh yknfcfyh"zo hcgdf jopo lh nkvwzkmkghqkocf, coc kbpvzhcjonlk pkû k wvokpfgghzk# Xvkcjk, kl pfgghzo coc lo gocjhcch pkû, bh kl pfg"ghzo nlk ykbhcf#

Kc gocgyfzo, jfzzh jozzykch ommvwgh k gocgfzzk gykwzkhck jk“pvykmkghqkocf‒, jk “whczkmkghqkocf‒, jk “whl}fqqh‒# Xvfwzowzhzo, pfy Lvzfyo, }kfcf yhnnkvczo wolo cfll‛hl jk là, cfllh nlo"ykh gflfwzf#

Kl wvo pykcgkphlf hynobfczo wgykzzvykwzkgo ä xvfllo jk W#Pholo hk Yobhck, là jo}f jkgf1 ¥Ko coc mhggko xvfl gdf }o"nlko, bh mhggko xvfl gdf ojko… Kc yfhlzà, coc woco ko gdf hnk"wgo, bh kl pfgghzo gdf hikzh kc bf… Ko powwo }olfyf kl ifcf,bh coc gobpkfylo, pokgdë ko coc mhggko kl ifcf gdf }onlko, bhmhggko kl bhlf gdf coc }onlko…µ# $Yob# >, 86"8;+#

Zvzzo, xvkcjk, pyo}kfcf jh Jko, wkh kl bfykzo gdf lf opfyfivocf# Jhll‛vobo pyo}kfcf kl pfgghzo5 coc kl bfykzo, cë lf

opfyf ivocf#

Cfl wvo gobbfczo jfllh Lfzzfyh k Yobhck, Lvzfyo gkzhW# Hnowzkco1 ¥Pfy lh lfnnf jfllf opfyf, Jko jkgf1 “Mh‛ xvfllogdf Ko gobhcjo‒5 pfy lh lfnnf jfllh Mfjf, l‛vobo jkgf h Jko1“Jh‛ xvfllo gdf gobhcjk‒5 pfygdë wf lh lfnnf gobhcjh, ä pfyykgdkhbhyf hllh mfjf gkù gdf xvfwzh jf}f mhyf1 golvk gdf ykgf}fvc oyjkcf, f coc pvù hcgoyh gobpkfylo, jf}f whpfyf gkù gdfjf}f jobhcjhyf5 bh wf lo pvù f lo gobpkf viikjfcjo hllh lfn"nf, jf}f whpfyf vnvhlbfczf kc }kyzû jk xvhl joco fnlk lo pvùµ$ghp# 87+#

W# Hnowzkco, jvcxvf, wzvjkh jvf powwkiklkzà1 kc vch, l‛vo"bo, pfygdë pfgghzoyf, coc pvù fwfnvkyf kl pyfgfzzo, pfygdë nlkbhcgh lh nyhqkh5 cfl wfgocjo ghwo, l‛vobo nkvwzo, pvù fwfnvk"yf kl pyfgfzzo, pfygdë xvfwzo pozfyf }kfcf jh Jko, “xvo jo"chczf powwf‒#

Lvzfyo, kc}fgf, goczfbplh vch wolh powwkiklkzà1 lh lfnnfjfllf opfyf jkgdkhyh1 Mh‛ gkù gdf ko gobhcjo, bfczyf lh lfnnfjfllh mfjf jkgf1 Jh‛ gkù gdf zv gobhcjk#



806

Xvkcjk, vco jkgf1 ko do mhzzo5 l‛hlzyo1 ko jobhcjo jk pozfymhyf# L‛vco jkgf1 oyjkch xvfllo gdf }vok f ko lo mhyù5 l‛hlzyo jk"

gf1 jh‛ xvfl gdf dhk gobhcjhzo, pfygdë ko lo mhggkh5 l‛vco goc"mkjh kc vch nkvwzkqkh nkà hgxvkwkzh5 l‛hlzyo, kc}fgf, wowpkyh jkf"zyo vch nkvwzkqkh jh hgxvkwkyf#

Pfy Lvzfyo, xvkcjk, l‛vobo jfllh mfjf coc ä nkvwzo wf cockc wpfyhcqh }fywo vch nkvwzkqkh jh hgxvkwkyf# Pfygkù, wzh xvk lhjkmmfyfcqh pkû pyoczh gdf wfphyh lh zfolonkh ghzzolkgh jh xvfl"lh lvzfyhch, lh gvk moybvlh ä ¥pfgghzoy kc yf, kvwzvw hvzfb kcwpfµ5 kl gdf moybvlh l‛hlzyh1 ¥wkbvl kvwzvw fz pfgghzoyµ#

Xvfwzo pfcwkfyo jk Lvzfyo, pfyù, onnk }kfcf jkwgvwwo, }f"jfcjo cfllh nkvwzkqkh kbpvzhzh jhll‛fwzfyco, kcgocgklkhiklf gocl‛fmmkghgkh gdf wk dh goc lf hqkock jk}kcf, wpfgkf cfl xvhjyo yf"jfczk}o jfl bkwzfyo jk Gykwzo#

Goc xvfl jkyf Lvzfyo gyfjfzzf jk h}fy yfwo kl nkvwzo wfcwojfk zfwzk pholkck wvllh “nkvwzkmkghqkocf bfjkhczf lh mfjf‒# Bhä vch hvzfczkgh “fyfwkh‒ f pfy xvfllo gdf hmmfybh f pfy xvfl"lo gdf fwglvjf#

!!!

Gdkhyh ä, kc}fgf, lh jozzykch jfllh nkvwzkmkghqkocf gdf zyo"}khbo cfl Gocgklko jk Zyfczo, coc gobf vc jkhlono kczfygoc"mfwwkochlf, cë gobf zfolonkh jfllh goczyo}fywkh, ifcwì l‛hmmfy"bhqkocf powkzk}h jfllh }fykzà ghzzolkgh# Kl bozk}o wzfwwo jflJfgyfzo wvllh nkvwzkmkghqkocf coc mv wpkfnhqkocf wgkfczkmkghwfcqh pyfzfwf, bh l‛fyfwkh gdf h}f}h mhzzo kyyvqkocf cfllh Gdkf"wh# L‛kczyojvqkocf hl Jfgyfzo, bhckmfwzh gdkhyhbfczf kl pvczojk }kwzh jfl Gocgklko1

¥Fwwfcjowk kc xvfwzo zfbpo, coc wfcqh jhcco fnyh}f jfzykbfczo jk bolzf hckbf f jfll‛vckzà fg"glfwkhwzkgh, wphywh vch gfyzh jozzykch fyyocfh kczoy"co hllh nkvwzkmkghqkocf##, kl Wkcojo Zykjfczkco…kczfcjf fwpoyyf h zvzzk k mfjflk jk Gykwzo lh }fyh fwhch jozzykch jfllh wzfwwh nkvwzkmkghqkocf…µ $gmy#Jq# >;9 h+#



80=

Kl Jfgyfzo zykjfczkco, xvkcjk, fyh oykfczhzo goczyo vch joz"zykch jh gobihzzfyf, gdf h}f}h, pfy lh loyo kczfypyfzhqkocf,

pyo}oghzo cfl Jfgyfzo vc gfyzo hczyopyogfczykwbo kccfnhiklf#Wvllh “chzvyh‒ jfllh nkvwzkmkghqkocf jfl pfgghzoyf f wvl"lf “ghvwf‒ jk fwwo, kl Jfgyfzo, cfl ghpkzolo >, jkgf1

¥$Lh nkvwzkmkghqkocf+… coc gocwkwzf vckghbfczfcfllh yfbkwwkocf jfk pfgghzk, bh ä hcgdf whczkmkgh"qkocf f ykcco}hqkocf kczfykoyf jfll‛vobo… pfygvk l‛vobo jh kcnkvwzo ä mhzzo nkvwzo, f jh cfbkgo,

hbkgo, hmmkcgdë wkh “fyfjf‒, wfgocjo lh wpfyhcqh,jfllh }kzh fzfych# $Zkz# 7,>+#Lf ghvwf jk xvfwzh nkvwzkmkghqkocf woco lf wfnvfc"zk1 ghvwf mkchlk ä lh nloykh jk Jko f jk Gykwzo f lh}kzh fzfych5 ghvwh fmmkgkfczf ä Jko bkwfykgoyjko"wo, kl Xvhlf nyhzvkzhbfczf “lh}h‒ f “whczkmkgh‒$8 Goy# =,88+, wfnchcjo f vcnfcjo “goc lo Wpkyk"zo Whczo jfllh pyobfwwh, gdf ä pfnco jfllh co"

wzyh fyfjkzà‒ $Fm# 8, 87 w#+5 ghvwh bfykzoykh ä klwvo jklfzzkwwkbo Vcknfckzo, Cowzyo Wkncoyf NfwûGykwzo, kl xvhlf, “bfczyf fyh}hbo cfbkgk‒$Yob# 6,80+, “pfy kl nyhcjf hboyf goc gvk gkhbù‒ $Fm# 9,:+, bfykzù pfy cok lh nkvwzkmkghqkocfgoc lh wvh whczkwwkbh Phwwkocf wvl lfnco jfllhgyogf, f pfy cok wojjkwmfgf h Jko Phjyf5 ghvwhwzyvbfczhlf ä kl whgyhbfczo jfl Ihzzfwkbo, gdfä “kl whgyhbfczo jfllh Mfjf‒, wfcqh kl xvhlf cfw"wvco bhk pvù h}fyf lh nkvwzkmkghqkocf# Kcmkcf, vck"gh ghvwh moybhlf ä lh “nkvwzkqkh jk Jko, coc xvfl"lh pfy gvk Jko wzfwwo ä nkvwzo, bh xvfllh pfy gvkJko gk mh nkvwzk‒ $W# Hnowzkco+, pfy lh xvhlf, gkoä,jh Lvk mhzzk onnfzzo jk vc joco, wkhbo ykcco}hzkcfllo wpkykzo cfllh cowzyh bfczf f coc wolo wkhboyfpvzhzk, bh }fyhbfczf wkhbo gdkhbhzk f wkhbonkvwzk, ykgf}fcjo gkhwgvco jk cok kc wë vch nkvwzk"qkh wvh, wfgocjo lh chzvyh gdf “lo Wpkykzo Whczo jk"wzykivkwgf h gkhwgvco gobf }volf‒ $8 Goy# 89,88+µ#



80>

Vc gocgfzzo ihwklhyf cfllh jozzykch ghzzolkgh jfllh nkvwzkmk"ghqkocf, ä gdf zvzzo gkù gdf l‛vobo powwkfjf kc pyopyko, kc bh"

zfykh jk nkvwzkqkh, nlk ä jochzo pfy nyhqkh jk Jko# Zvzzo ä “nyh"qkh‒# Hj onck bobfczo, xvkcjk, lh nkvwzkqkh ykbhcf xvfllh gdfä wzhzh hgxvkwkzh jh Jko gobf nyhqkh# F xvkcjk l‛vobo nkvwzk"mkghzo ä yfhlbfczf nkvwzo, kczfykoybfczf, powkzk}hbfczf, vccvo}o fwwfyf# Pfygkù, lh cowzyh xvfwzkocf wvl “wkbvl kvwzvw fzpfgghzoy‒, coc pvù fwwfyf xvfllh kczfwh jh Lvzfyo f wfnvhgk,pfygdë bfzzfyfiif kc jviiko l‛hvzfczkgkzà jfllh nkvwzkmkghqkocfgdf }kfcf jh Jko#

Nkà cfl Gocgklko jk Ghyzhnkcf $hcco :84+ }fccf jfmkckzokl jfzzo “wkbvl kvwzvw fz pfgghzoy‒#]kfc jfzzo1

8° ihwhcjowk wvl zfwzo jk N}# 8,=, kl Gocgklko goc"jhcch gdk pfcwh gdf wk jfiih jkyf gdf poyzkhbo klpfgghzo, wolzhczo pfy vbklzà, f coc pfygdë gowì }f"yhbfczf wkhbo $ghc# =+5

9° wk gocjhcchco goloyo gdf pfcwhco gdf xvhcjok Whczk jkgoco “ykbfzzk h cok k cowzyk jfikzk‒, lojkghco coc pfy wf wzfwwk, kc xvhczo gkù pfy loyo cocä cfgfwwhyko, bh pfy nlk hlzyk, gkoä, pfy lf bfbiyhpfgghzykgk jfl popolo $ghc# 80>+5

7° wk gocjhcch pvyf l‛opkckocf wfgocjo gvk lfwzfwwf phyolf jfl Phzfy cowzfy1 “ykbfzzk h cok k co"wzyk jfikzk‒, wkhco jfzzf jhk Whczk pfy vbklzà f cocwfgocjo }fykzà $ghc# 804+#

Bh xvfwzo }kfcf h cfnhyf pyhzkghbfczf lh nkvwzkmkghqkocfkczfykoyf fj fmmfzzk}h jfll‛vobo#

Lh moybvlh jk Lvzfyo, xvkcjk, “wkbvl kvwzvw fz pfghzoy‒mv gocjhcchzh jhl Gocgklko jk Zyfczo pfygdë pyfwfczhzh go"bf vch hmmfybhqkocf gocgyfzh f wzoykgh# Pfygkù, l‛vobo nkvwzk"mkghzo, fwwfcjo yknfcfyhzo kczfykoybfczf f mhzzo cvo}h gyfhzv"yh, coc ä pkû golpf}olf ykwpfzzo hl pfgghzo, mv flkbkchzo cfl



804

wvo kczkbo# Zvzzh}kh, hcgdf l‛vobo nkvwzkmkghzo ykbhcf gobfh}}olzo jhllh wvh myhnklkzà, ykbhcf xvhwk vckzo hl pyopyko phw"

whzo, ifcgdë kl pfgghzo, pvy ghcgfllhzo jhllh golpf}olfqqh hz"zvhlf, ykbhcf pvy wfbpyf vc h}}fckbfczo jfllh wzoykh jk vc jf"zfybkchzo kcjk}kjvo gdf dh ozzfcvzo kl joco jfllh nkvwzkmkgh"qkocf, bh gdf jf}f hwwvbfywk kl pfwo jfk pyopyk pfgghzk, mkco hxvhcjo, pfy lh nyhqkh jk Jko, kl wvo zfbpo jk}fczk coc pkû h}"}fckyf, bh vc fzfyco pyfwfczf kc vch jochqkocf zozhlf jk wë hJko gdf wk ommyf hll‛vobo kc Gykwzo Nfwû#

Mv kl ghyj# Ghwwkj{ gdf, hwwkfbf hnlk fwpocfczk ghzzolkgk flvzfyhck, yfjhwwf vch “Jkgdkhyhqkocf gocnkvczh‒ wvllh joz"zykch jfllh “nkvwzkmkghqkocf‒, zvzzh jk }hloyf fyfzkgo#

Wk pfcwh}h gdf kl ghyj# Ghwwkj{ wk bowzyhwwf yknkjo gok lv"zfyhck, wgobvckghzk jhl Gocgklko jk Zyfczo, jkwgvzfcjo goc nlkfyfzkgk wv jozzykcf yk}flhzf f jfmkckzf, kc}fgf… coc fiif, gfy"zo, l‛hckbo jk W# Pholo gdf gobihzzf}h zvzzk k mhlwk jozzoyk gdfzyhzzh}hco fyyoyk zfoykgk f pyhzkgk, fj fyh “wfbpyf pyoczo h pv"

ckyf onck jkwoiifjkfcqh, pfy yfcjfyf onck kczfllfzzo vc lk"ifyo pyknkockfyo jk Gykwzo‒ $9 Goy# 80, 6"=+#

Gobvcxvf, fyh nkà wzhzo ykpyo}f}olf jkwgvzfyf lh jozzykchhllh phyk, xvhcjo wk whpf}h gdf k lvzfyhck pyomfwwh}hco vchjozzykch jk}fywh, vch mhlwh yflknkocf, xvkcjk, gobf l‛hmmfybhPko TK kc “Boyzhlkvb hckbow‒, pfygdë fwwk fyhco f woco pfylh lkifyzà jk jozzykch, jk no}fyco, jk gvlzo, jfl lkifyo fwhbf,goczyo kl pykcgkpko jk hvzoykzà, jk oiifjkfcqh hl Jko Vckgo fZykco, f hllh Gdkfwh#

Coc wk jo}f}h jkwgvzfyf, xvkcjk, goc gdk, phylhcjo jk “nkv"wzkmkghqkocf‒, cfnh lh pvykmkghqkocf jfll‛hckbh, bkwzfykowh"bfczf zyhwmoybhzh jh jk}fczhyf whczh, vckzh h Jko wzfwwo, gdfcf ä lh ghvwh#

Lvzfyo, gocwkjfyh}h lh chzvyh vbhch zozhlbfczf goyyozzhjhl pfgghzo oyknkchlf, pfy gvk l‛vobo whyfiif kcghphgf h goo"pfyhyf goc lh Nyhqkh hzzvhlf gdf lo bvo}f f pyfphyh hllh nkv"wzkmkghqkocf#

L‛vobo, pfy Lvzfyo, ykbhcf zozhlbfczf goyyozzo, kcghphgfjk fbfzzfyf vc hzzo jk mkjvgkh h Jko, bfczyf, kc}fgf, pfy lh joz"



80;

zykch ghzzolkgh, l‛vobo, ifcgdë hzzyhzzo jhl bhlf, bfjkhczf kWhgyhbfczk }kfcf zyhwmoybhzo, jk}kckqqhzo, jk}fczhcjo gh"

phgf jk }k}fyf boyhlbfczf, f Nfwû Gykwzo nlk dh hjjkykzzvyhkczkbhzo jk jk}fckyf pfymfzzo, wì jh pozfy jkyf goc W# Pholo1“gdf ä Gykwzo, goc lh wvh Nyhqkh, h }k}fyf kc lvk‒ $Gol# 9, 90+#

Hl C# 97 jfllh “Jkgdkhyhqkocf gocnkvczh‒, kc}fgf, }kfcfgocmfybhzh lh jozzykch lvzfyhch gdf “lh nkvwzkmkghqkocf wk yfh"lkqqh wfcqh lh goopfyhqkocf vbhch‒, goczyo kl Gocgklko jkZyfczo#

F hl C# 9:, }kfcf ykihjkzo gdf “kl joco jk}kco jfllh Nyh"qkh cfllh nkvwzkmkghqkocf yfwzh kcjkpfcjfczf jhllh goopfyh"qkocf vbhch‒, kl gdf }kfcf wgobvckghzo jhll‛kcmhllkiklf Goc"gklko jk Zyfczo#

Cfwwvco pvù bkwgocowgfyf gdf gk wkh kcjkwwolviklkzà zyh Mf"jf, Whgyhbfczk f Whl}fqqh, pfy gvk gyfjfyf kc Nfwû wknckmkghmhyf lh wvh }oloczà, gobf ykwvlzh jhl ]hcnflo#

Gowì W# Pholo jkgf1 ¥Cok wkhbo, kcmhzzk, opfyh jk Lvk,

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Cfll‛hyz# 7; jfllh NW, phylhcjo jfllh “zfyyh cvo}h‒ f jfl“gkflo cvo}o‒, gdf wk hzzvh hllh mkcf jfk zfbpk, kl ]hzkghco KK, phylhcjo jfllh whl}fqqh fzfych jk “zvzzf lf gyfhzvyf‒, bhck"mfwzh l‛kjfh hicoybf gdf cfl Yfnco jk Jko fczyfyhcco zvzzf lfgyfhzvyf yhqkochlk, kcjkwzkczhbfczf#

Xvkcjk, kl Yfnco jk Jko, pyopowzo jhl ]hzkghco Kl, coc ähmmhzzo gocmoybf hll‛kcwfnchbfczo jfllh Gdkfwh jk wfbpyf,pfygdë dh coc wolo owgvyhzo, bh hcgdf jfmoybhzo lh }kwkocfjfl Wfgolo ]fczvyo, gdf hpphyzkfcf hllh Mfjf, kcwfyfcjo cfkzfwzk vc goczfcvzo kczyh"bocjhco jfllh hzzk}kzà vbhch, goc"mfyfcjonlk pfywkco vc wknckmkghzo gowbkgo, pfy gvk kl Yfnco jkJko whyfiif kl pvczo j‛hyyk}o mkchlf, “fzfyco fj vck}fywhlf‒jk zvzzh l‛hzzk}kzà jfll‛vobo( Ä gdkhyo, pfygkù, lh jkwzkcqkocfzyh yfnco jfllh chzvyh jhl Yfnco jfllh Nyhqkh, zyh gkù gdf äjfll‛vobo f gkù gdf ä pyopyko jk Jko#

Wk pvù hcgdf cozhyf gdf xvfwzo Yfnco coc ä pkû gocmoybfhl Yfnco wopyhcchzvyhlf kcjkghzogk cfl Jkwgoywo jfllh Boc"



890

zhnch, vch gdkhyh fwoyzhqkocf h ¥ykgfyghyf, pykbh jk zvzzo kl“Yfnco jk Jko‒ f lh wvh nkvwzkqkh, pokgdä zvzzf xvfwzf gowf

}k whyhcco jhzf kc hnnkvczhµ $Bz# =,77+#Lh zyhwgfcjfcqh jfl Yfnco jk Jko, xvkcjk, ä zozhlf f hw"wolvzh# Kl Wkncoyf gk wpkcnf h lhcgkhywk goc zvzzh l‛hckbh }fywojk fwwh, hmmkjhcjogk h Lvk kc onck cowzyo pyoilfbh, jkmmkgolzà,ikwonco, wommfyfcqh# Ä lo wgopo vlzkbo, pfygkù, jfllh cowzyh }k"zh, wfbpyf kcwfnchzo jhllh Gdkfwh jk Gykwzo#

Kl ]hzkghco KK, kc}fgf, kcwkcvh l‛kjfh jfllh chzvyh wogkh"lf jfllh Whl}fqqh, gdf lh Gdkfwh jk pykbh h}f}h wfbpyf cfnh"

zh, pfygdë jopo lh boyzf, l‛hckbh }kfcf wozzopowzh hl nkvjkqkowkh phyzkgolhyf gdf kcjk}kjvhlf# Xvfwzo ykwvlzh jhllh Zyhjkqko"cf f jhllh Whgyh Wgykzzvyh $Bz# 6,96"9=5 89,7=599,88"8:596,70 " Yb# 9,8=5 Fiy# ;,9>580,98"9>+# Bh pfy lh “Cov}fllfZdëolonkf‒, kc}fgf, ä jk}fczhzh vc }fyo gh}hllo jk ihzzhnlkh(

Jkmhzzk, lh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒ ä hpphywh, h coc pogdk Ph"jyk gocgklkhyk, gobf vch woyzh jk “goczyo Wkllhio‒#

Kl gocgfzzo jk Kcghychqkocf jfll‛hyzkgolo 99 ä hpphywo

cozf}olbfczf hbiknvo, hmmfybhcjo gdf ¥goc l‛kcghychqkocfkl Mknlko jk Jko wk ä vckzo “kc gfyzo bojo‒ h onck voboµ, jo"}f l‛h}}fyiko “kc gfyzo bojo‒ }oyyfiif jkyf gdf onck voboä wzhzo “kc gfyzo bojo‒ jk}kckqqhzo jhllh Kcghychqkocf jkCowzyo Wkncoyf, bfczyf whppkhbo jhl jonbh gdf wolo l‛voboNfwû jk Chqhyfzd, f wolo Lvk, mv vckzo cfll‛vckocf kpowzhzkgh,fwglvwk}hbfczf hllh chzvyh vbhch# F hlloyh, gobf bhk kl ]hzk"ghco KK gk }kfcf h jkyf jfll‛Kcghychqkocf gobf jk vch vcko"cf jk Cowzyo Wkncoyf “goc onck vobo‒? Coc ä, moywf, vc }o"lfyf jk}kckqqhyf l‛vobo? Ko gyfjo gdf xvfll‛hyzkgolo 99#9jfllh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒ wgocmkch cfll‛fyfwkh(

Hcgdf l‛kcgkwo gdf wk zyo}h cfll‛hyz# 9:#:, gdf l‛vobo wh"yfiif ¥lh wolh gyfhzvyh gdf Kjjko hiikh }olvzo pfy wä wzfw"woµ, dh vc ghyhzzfyf fzfyojowwo gdf bhckmfwzh lh zfcjfcqhhczyopogfczykgh gdf wk bhckmfwzh cfk zfwzk gocgklkhyk, gobf wkpvù yklf}hyf goc gdkhyfqqh cfnlk hyz# 89 f 9: jfllh “Nhvjkvbfz Wpfw‒, jo}f l‛hyzkgolo wk oggvph jfll‛vobo “kbbhnkcf jkJko‒# Bh lh gfczyhlkzà mkchlkwzkgh jfll‛vobo cfl gyfhzo ä wzh"zh fwglvwh jhllh cvo}h zfolonkh# L‛hmmfybhqkocf gdf l‛vobo



898

wkh lh wolh gyfhzvyh gdf Jko dh }olvzh pfy wë wzfwwo $NW 9:,:+,wbfczkwgf kl phwwo jfk Pyo}# 8=,:1 ¥Vck}fywh pyopzfy wfbf"

zkpwvb opfyhzvy fwz Jobkcvwµ# Gobvcxvf, lh jozzykch jfllhGdkfwh jk wfbpyf, h pyopowkzo jfllh gyfhqkocf, ä gdf Jko dhmhzzo zvzzo pfy lh Wvh nloykh, hcgdf wf Jko dh }olvzo l‛vobo“yf jfl gyfhzo‒, f nlk hiikh gocgfwwo jk “hwwonnfzzhyf‒ lhzfyyh f jk “wkncoyfnnkhyf‒ wv zvzzk nlk hckbhlk#

Xvkcjk, l‛vobo ä wzhzo }olvzo jh Jko, goc lh wvh “dvbh"ckzhw‒, pfy lh nloykh jk Jko, gobf zvzzo xvfllo gdf dh gyfhzo#L‛hczyopogfczykwbo jfllh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒ gdf poyzh, kc

wowzhcqh, hj kjfczkmkghyf l‛vobo goc Jko, ä wolo vch hifyyhc"zf mkchlkzà h gvk gocjvgoco lf hbiknvkzà jkwwfcchzf cfk jogv"bfczk jfl ]hzkghco KK, gobf oyh }fjyfbo, kc iyf}f hchlkwk, kc}hykf phyzk jfllh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒1

8+ H yknvhyjo jfl “pfgghzo‒ wk pvù jkyf gdf kl zfwzo goc"gklkhyf jfllh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒ ykhwwvbf, lh jozzykch zyhjk"qkochlf jfllh Gdkfwh wvl pfgghzo5 pfyù lh jfmkckqkocf jfl pfg"

ghzo cf hiihwwh kl wknckmkghzo h vch jkbfcwkocf vbhch gdfowgvyh lf kbplkghqkock wopyhcchzvyhlk# Jkmhzzk, fggo gowh wh"yfiif kl pfgghzo cfllh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒1 ¥vch jkbkcv"qkocf pfy l‛vobo wzfwwo, kc xvhczo nlk kbpfjkwgf jk gocwf"nvkycf lh pyopykh pkfcfqqhµ $NW 87#9+# Ä vch jfmkckqkocfgdf bfzzf kc wfgocjo pkhco kl wknckmkghzo onnfzzk}o jfl pfggh"zo, wfcqh ykmfykbfczo fwplkgkzo jfllf wvf gocwfnvfcqf wo}yhc"chzvyhlk#

9+ Bfczyf lh Gowzkzvqkocf jk vc Gocgklko h}yfiif jo}vzoh}fyf kl gocgfzzo jk pfgghzo kc gocmoybkzà goc l‛kcwfnchbfczozyhjkqkochlf, owwkh gdf kl pfgghzo ä hcgdf vch jkbkcvqkocf$jfllh pyopykh vbhckzà+, gdf kbpfjkwgf hll‛vobo jk gocwf"nvkyf lh pyopykh whl}fqqh‒, lh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒, kc}fgf,hl powzo jk “whl}fqqh‒, bfzzf “pkfcfqqh‒# Bh gdf gfczyh lh“pkfcfqqh‒, f jk xvhlf “pkfcfqqh‒ wk zyhzzh? F pfygdë kl ]h"zkghco KK coc ykgoyjh, goc gdkhyfqqh, gdf, h ghvwh jfl pfgghzo,l‛vbhckzà, hllh mkcf jfk zfbpk, }fyyà jk}kwh, f pfy wfbpyf, jhCowzyo Wkncoyf Nfwû Gykwzo, kc flfzzk f yfpyoik, pfygdä lh



899

gocwfnvfcqh vlzkbh jfl pfgghzo ä pyopyko xvfllh jk gdkvjfyfpfy wfbpyf, hk pfgghzoyk kbpfckzfczk, lh }kzh fzfych?

Xvfllh “pkfcfqqh‒, xvkcjk, wh jk ncowzkgkwbo, jk pfcwkf"yo pyomhco, gdf }fjf kl bocjo gobf hczyopogfczykgo jfllhgocwhpf}olfqqh jk wë, jfll‛ko, bfzzfcjo kc oilìo lh zfolonkh jfkCo}kwwkbk(

7+ Powwkhbo, oyh, gocglvjfyf gdf kl pfgghzo, kbpfjfcjohll‛vobo jk yfhlkqqhyf lh pyopykh “pkfcfqqh‒, nlk kbpfjkwgfhcgdf jk gobpyfcjfyf lh pyopykh “kcchzh nyhcjfqqh‒, gowzk"

zvkzh jhllh wvh jknckzà ykgf}vzh jh Jko# F hlloyh, gobf bhk lh“Nhjkvb fz Wpfw‒ jfjkgh hjjkykzzvyh nlk hyzz# 8; f 90 hll‛h"zfkwbo, pvy hbbfzzfcjo gdf l‛hzfkwbo gowzkzvkwgf wfbpyf vcpfgghzo $NW 98#8+, bh gdf pfyù, coc gfygh hmmhzzo jk ykmkvzhylk,hcqk lk gdkhbh hl “jkhlono‒, f lk ¥kc}kzh goyzfwfbfczf hpyfcjfyf kc gocwkjfyhqkocf kl ]hcnflo jk Gykwzo goc hckbohpfyzoµ $NW 98#4+5 coc pfy goc}fyzkylk, jvcxvf, bh pfy go"wzyvkyf kcwkfbf vc bocjo bknlkoyf $NW 98#>+# Bh wk ykmlfzzh1

pfygdä goc}fyzkylk, hlloyh, wf hcgdf loyo wk whl}fyfiifyo vnvhl"bfczf, gobf wk pvù hggfyzhywfcf jh vc hbiknvo phwwo jfl"l‛hyz# 8= jfllh Gowzkzvqkocf “jonbhzkgh‒ “Lvbfc Nfc"zkvb‒ wvllh Gdkfwh?

:+ Wfgocjo lh jozzykch fzfyojowwh jfk “gykwzkhck hcock"bk‒ jk Ehyl Yhdcfy, zvzzk nlk vobkck whyfiifyo nkà wzhzk whl"}hzk, wfcqh whpfylo, jhll‛Kcghychqkocf# Wfgocjo xvfwzh pyo"wpfzzk}h, lh “whl}fqqh‒ $lh Yfjfcqkocf+ whyfiif vck}fywhlf,wfcqh pkû jkwzkcqkocf zyh flfzzk f yfpyoik#

Kl gobpkzo jfllh Gdkfwh, hlloyh, whyfiif wolo jk mhy pyfcjf"yf loyo gowgkfcqh jfllh loyo whl}fqqh gdf nkà powwkfjoco#Xvkcjk, ckfczf pkû goc}fywkock hl ghzzolkgfwkbo, f cfppvyf pkûhlgvc gocmyoczo, bh wolo “jkhlono‒ wv xvfwzh pyfwh vck}fy"whlf jk gowgkfcqh# Wkbklf gocgfqkocf, pfyù, gk bfzzf jk myoczfh vch zfolonkh gdf coc pvù jkywk ghzzolkgh pfygdä, kc bojobhckmfwzo, coc goyykwpocjf h xvhczo dh wfbpyf kcwfnchzo lhGdkfwh gol wvo Bhnkwzfyo wvl jonbh jfl pfgghzo oyknkchlf, jfmkckzo jhl Gocgklko jk Zyfczo#



897

6+ Kl zfwzo jfl ]hzkghco KK $NW 99#9+ hmmfybh gdf l‛Kcghy"chqkocf dh kcchlqhzo “hcgdf cok‒, lh chzvyh vbhch, h vch

“jknckzà wvilkbf‒# Bh kl Bhnkwzfyo gocgklkhyf jfk Gocgklkkfgvbfckgk Gowzhczkcopolkzhco Kl f KKK, f xvfllo jk Ghlgfjo"ckh, kcwfnchco gdf l‛Kcghychqkocf dh, wì, flf}hzo lh chzvyhvbhch, bh coc kc cok wzfwwk, ifcwì kc Cowzyo Wkncoyf NfwûGykwzo, kc Golvk, gkoä, gdf wk ä kcghychzo, pfygdë vobo pfy"mfzzo f wfcqh pfgghzo# K jonbk Ghlgfjocfwk f Gowzhczkcopo"lkzhck coc goczfcnoco hmmhzzo l‛kjfh jk vch Kcghychqkocf gdfvckwgh, kc xvhczo zhlf, kl Gykwzo “h onck vobo‒#

Kc vch wvh fpkwzolh, whc Lfocf Bhnco ykihjkwgf xvfwzogocgfzzo1 ¥l‛vckocf $Kcghychqkocf+ coc dh jkbkcvkzo lf gh"yhzzfykwzkgdf jk}kcf goc xvfllf vbhcf, bh dh kcchlqhzo lfghyhzzfykwzkgdf vbhcf goc xvfllf jk}kcfµ# L‛“kcchlqhzo‒, pfyù, coc ä kc onck vobo, bh kc wä wzfwwh, cfllh chzvyh vbh"ch, gdf fyh vckzh cfllh pfywoch jfl ]fyio# L‛flf}hqkocf jfllhchzvyh vbhch h vch nyhcjf jknckzà, xvkcjk, h}}kfcf kcGykwzo, bh coc “fo kpwo, hcgdf h cok‒, gobf hmmfybh, kc}f"

gf, lh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒ $99#9+#Nfwû Gykwzo, kc gocglvwkocf, dh ykmoybhzo lh jknckzà jfllh

chzvyh jfll‛vobo kcchlqhcjo xvfllh jknckzà jfllh chzvyh vbh"ch cfllh ghycf hwwvczh jhl Mknlko jk Jko(

=+ Coc woco pogdf lf gocwfnvfcqf cfnhzk}f jfllh jozzyk"ch jk NW 99#9# Bfczyf, jh vc lhzo, fwwh gocjvgf h jk}kckqqh"yf l‛vobo, woy}olhcjo wvl jonbh jfl pfgghzo oyknkchlf, jh vchlzyo lhzo, ykjvgf hll‛kcgfyzfqqh kl jonbh wzfwwo jfll‛Kcghy"chqkocf, pfygdë bfwgolh kl jk}kco goc l‛vbhco, kc Nfwû f kccok#

Whc Pholo hmmfybh gdf Gykwzo ä }fcvzo pfy whl}hyf zvz"zk nlk vobkck5 pfygkù, ¥gdkvcxvf kc}ogdfyà kl cobf jfl Wk"ncoyf whyà whl}oµ, hppvczo pfygdä dh gyfjvzo kc Lvk# Xvkc"jk, gdkvcxvf wk goc}fyzf h Gykwzo, h}yà lh nyhqkh pfy pfywf}f"yhyf cfllh }kzh gykwzkhch, lh wolh gdf gk gocjvgf hllh }kzh fzfych#Oyh, xvfwzh jozzykch pholkch dh ckfczf h gdf mhyf goc l‛kjfhjfllh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒ 99, gdf hmmfybh gdf Gykwzo wk wh"yfiif kcghychzo vcfcjowk hj onck vobo, bfczyf hiikhbo



89:

}kwzo gdf Whc Pholo coc dh bhk kcwfnchzo gdf Nfwû gocl‛kcghychqkocf, wk wkh vckzo hj onck vobo#

Ä gdkhyo, gowì, gdf }kfcf wzyh}olzo kl wknckmkghzo whl}kmkgojfl cobf jk Nfwû, xvfl ¥cobf jk}kco gdf wolo yfgh lh whl"}fqqhµ#

>+ L‛hyz# 99#6 jfllh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒ hpplkgh h zvzzk nlkvobkck vc gocgfzzo gdf Whc Pholo, kc}fgf, hpplkgh, kc bojogdkhyo, hk wolo flfzzk kc Gykwzo, f xvkcjk jkwzkcnvfcjo zyh ivockf ghzzk}k# Kl jkwgoywo, pfygkù, coc wk hggoyjh goc l‛kcwfnch"

bfczo zyhjkqkochlf jfllh Gdkfwh gdf hmmfybh gdf lo WpkykzoWhczo jà h zvzzk nlk vobkck “lh powwkiklkzà‒ jfllh whl}fqqh, wfbpyf gocjkqkochzh, pfyù, hllh goopfyhqkocf jh phyzf jk gkh"wgvc vobo# Xvkcjk, l‛kcwfnchbfczo jfllh “Nhvjkvb fzWpfw‒ ä vch }fyh “cvo}h jozzykch‒ hmmfybhcjo gdf, cfl"l‛Kcghychqkocf, kl Wkncoyf ¥wk ä vckzo, kc gfyzo bojo, h onckvoboµ pyfwfczh vch “cvo}h jozzykch‒#

Lh wvppowzh vckocf oczolonkgh zyh Gykwzo f zvzzk nlk vo"

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Jkmhzzk, l‛hczyopolonkh jflkcfhzh jhllh “Nhvjkvb fzWpfw‒ wk wfnchlh, wopyhzzvzzo, pfy lh “wgobphywh jfllh jkwzkc"qkocf zyh chzvyh f wopyhcchzvyhlf‒, yfcjfcjo, gowì, pkû hm"mkcf hllh gocgfqkocf jfll‛vobo jfl pyozfwzhczfwkbo# Pfygkù,xvfwzo Cvo}o Gykwzkhcfwkbo dh gyfhzo vch “cvo}h fgglf"wkolonkh‒, wfgocjo lh xvhlf coc g‛ä jkwzkcqkocf cë wfphyh"qkocf zyh “Gdkfwh f Bocjo‒, pfy gvk coc jf}f fwkwzfyf pfy wäwzfwwh, bh pfy kl Bocjo, hl wvo wfy}kqko, f pfygkù coc jf}f pkûgfyghyf lh wvh hmmfybhqkocf gyfhcjo “opfyf ghzzolkgdf‒, bhjf}f bfzzfywk h jkwpowkqkocf jfl bocjo#

Kc bolzf pyopowkqkock jfllh Gowzkzvqkocf phwzoyhlf “Nhv"



896

jvb fz Wpfw‒, wk fwhlzh kl pyonyfwwo hczyopolonkgo f wgkfczk"mkgo gdf kncoyh gobplfzhbfczf f lh Nyhqkh jk}kch f lh gyfh"

qkocf#Pfy fwfbpko1 cfll‛hyzkgolo =7, wk fwhlzh ¥kl jobkcko gyf"wgfczf jfll‛vobo cfllh chzvyhµ# F pfy l‛vobo hmmfybh1 ¥On"nk, pyogfjf wvllh wzyhjh jk vc pkû pfymfzzo w}klvppo jfllhpfywochlkzà f jfllh pyonyfwwk}h wgopfyzh jfk pyopyk jkykzzkµ$hyz# :8+# Woco phyolf zyh pvfyklk f kncoyhczk# Ihwzfyfiif gdfgdk lf wgyk}f}h h}fwwf pfcwhzo h zvzzf lf wgdkh}kzû gdf gk dhc"co gowzyfzzo xvfwzf kjfolonkf bojfycf, kcwhzhchzf jk wfwwo,

jk jyonh, jk hzfkwbo(Hcgdf l‛hyz# :: lo pvù hzzfwzhyf1 ¥Lh Gdkfwh gocmfwwh $?+

gdf bolzo nko}hbfczo lf ä }fcvzo f lf pvù }fckyf jhllh }ko"lfczh oppowkqkocf jk xvhczk lh h}}fywhco f lh pfywfnvkzhco, f coc kncoyh xvhczo fwwh hiikh ykgf}vzo jhllh wzoykh f jhlpyonyfwwo jfl nfcfyf vbhcoµ# Phyolf, hcgdf xvfwzf, jk vchwxvhlkmkghczf gonckqkocf jfl bocjo jk kfyk f jk onnk( PfygdëPholo ]K coc ä hcjhzo h yhllfnyhywk goc kl ENI jfl gobv"

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Mhggkhbo hcgoyh hlgvcf ykmlfwwkock wv xvfwzo nyh}f jkwwfc"zkyf jhl ]hzkghco KK wvllh xvfwzkocf jfllh “Jknckzhzkw Dvbh"chf‒, gdf gdkvwf nlk Hzzk jfl ]hzkghco KK, ifcgdë h}fwwf h}v"zo jfk ykzoggdk gdf, pfyù, mvyoco lhwgkhzk kcwolvzk# Kc ghvjh }f"

cfcvb(Kc xvfwzh “Jkgdkhyhqkocf Gocgklkhyf‒, kcmhzzk, lh “lkifyzà

yflknkowh‒ ä pyfwfczhzh gobf jkykzzo hllh lkifyzà jk yflknkocf}fywo lh Gdkfwh ghzzolkgh, jfpowkzhykh jfllh ]fykzà, kc owwf"xvko hllh wfczfcqh jk Nfwû Gykwzo1 ¥Gdk gyfjfyà f whyà ihz"zfqqhzo, whyà whl}o5 gdk, kc}fgf, coc gyfjfyà, whyà gocjhc"chzoµ $Bg# 8=,8=+#

Oyh, gyfjfyf hllh ]fykzà ä jo}fyf5 kl coc gyfjfy}k, kc}fgf,coc ä lkifyzà, bh lkgfcqh, owwkh wgdkh}kzû jfl pfgghzo, pfy"gdë wk ykmkvzh kl ifcf pfy wgfnlkfyf kl bhlf#

Kl gocgfzzo jk lkifyzà ghzzolkgh ä w}olzo, cfllh Jkgdkhyh"qkocf “Jknckzhzkw dvbhchf‒, kc bojo pyolkwwo, gdf wfy}f hmhy woy}olhyf, hi kcgkwo, wv pogdf ykndf, bh gdf jkwzyvnnoco lhlkifyzà kc wfcwo ghzzolkgo, pyfwfczhcjolh gobf lkifyzà gdf gob"pfzf hll‛kcjk}kjvo jk myoczf hll‛fyyoyf1

¥Hjopfyhywk powkzk}hbfczf pfy kl jkykzzo hllh “lk"ifyzà yflknkowh‒, wpfzzh zhczo hk gkzzhjkck xvhczohk nyvppk wogkhlk, hllh pozfwzà gk}klf, hllh Gdkfwh



87;

f hllf hlzyf gobvckzà yflknkowf f h gkhwgvco cflbojo hj fwwo pyopyko, zfcvzo goczo jfl loyo

wpfgkmkgo jo}fyf }fywo kl ifcf gobvcfµ8#

Xvkcjk, zvzzf lf gobvckzà yflknkowf, hcgdf mhlwf, h}yfi"ifyo kl jkykzzo hllh lkifyzà kc bhzfykh yflknkowh# Bolzk Pyf"wvlk jfl ]hzkghco KK, wpfgkf xvfllk jfk phfwk gobvckwzk, coc wkhggoywfyo jfnlk fxvk}ogk gvk kl gocgfzzo jk “lkifyzà yflknkowh‒wk pyfwzh}h, wgdkfyhcjowk, gowì, kc mh}oyf jfllh lkifyzà lkifyzh"ykh, gdf h}f}h zvzzh l‛hykh jk zyhjvywk kc lkgfcqh goc zvzzk k wvok

ykmlfwwk boyhlk f wogkhlk#Mv wvikzo vc jkwhwzyo xvfl jkwmyfchywk jh onck lkgfcqh, wpf"

gkf cfl ghbpo jfl glfyo1 bhwwhgyo lkzvynkgo, yknfzzo jfll‛hikzozhlhyf, hpfyzvyh hl bhzykbocko, zyhjkbfczo jfk “]ozk Yflk"nkowk‒…

Vc lhkgo nkvykwzh f bhnkwzyhzo, }kjf xvfllh “lkifyzà yflk"nkowh‒ gowì1

¥Phylhyf jk jkykzzo hllh lkifyzà yflknkowh, xvkcjkhcgdf hllh wgflzh jk vch yflknkocf wihnlkhzh, wk"nckmkgh zfoykqqhyf kl jkykzzo hll‛fyyoyf jonbhzkgo$zfoykgo+ f boyhlf $pyhzkgo+, pokgdë, gobf kl ]f"yo gokcgkjf goc kl Ifcf, gowì kl mhlwo gokcgkjf golbhlf# Ocjf, gdk wowzkfcf kl jkykzzo hll‛fyyoyf, wo"wzkfcf hcgdf kl jkykzzo hl bhlf f, kc phyzkgolhyf, hl jflkzzo# $Wk pfcwk hllf yflknkock gdf hbbfzzoco kwhgykmkgk vbhck, l‛kllvbkchzh }fcjfzzh, lh ykjvqkocfkc wgdkh}kzû+µ#

Lh “lkifyzà yflknkowh‒ hllh ]hzkghco KK, xvkcjk, }h kczfwh,oyh, gobf vc jkykzzo, h zvzzk nlk vobkck, jk jhywk hllh yflknkocfgdf jfwkjfyhco# Bh, moywf, gdf vco Wzhzo lhkgo hncowzkgo, ow"wkh hzfo, wpkhch lh }kh hl whzhckwbo?

8 Gmy# “Jknckzhzkw dvbhchf‒, =#



8:0

F gdf jkyf, hlloyh, jk xvhczo dh jkgdkhyhzo Nko}hcck Pho"lo KK cfl “bfwwhnnko pfy lh gflfiyhqkocf jfllh nkoychzh boc"

jkhlf jfllh phgf‒ $4 jkgfbiyf 8;;4+5 jkwwf1

¥Lh lkifyzà yflknkowh gowzkzvkwgf $…+ kl gvoyfwzfwwo jfk jkykzzk vbhck# Fwwh ä zhlbfczf kc}kolh"iklf jh fwknfyf gdf hllh pfywoch wkh ykgocowgkvzhlh lkifyzà pfywkco jk ghbikhyf yflknkocf, wf lhwvh gowgkfcqh lo jobhcjhµ#

Xvfwzh myhwf jk vc ]kghyko jk Gykwzo coc wk ykmfykwgf h gdk}vol phwwhyf jh vch mhlwh yflknkocf hllh }fyh, wzoykghbfczf yk"}flhzh, bh, pvyzyoppo, fwwh wk ykmfykwgf h xvhlwkhwk vobo, hcgdfgykwzkhco, pfygdë Nko}hcck Pholo KK wk ykgdkhbh hk jkykzzk jfl"l‛vobo jfll‛Kllvbkckwbo f jfllh Yk}olvqkocf Myhcgfwf jfl8>4;# Vc Phph coc pvù, kc cobf jfllh gowgkfcqh, hvzoykq"qhyf l‛hpowzhwkh hllh mfjf# Cok wkhbo mkwkghbfczf lkifykfwzfychbfczf f kczfychbfczf, bh coc lo wkhbo boyhlbfc"

zf# Vch lkifyzà boyhlf wvppocf gdf coc fwkwzh Jko goc lh wvhLfnnf# Bh hlloyh, hjfwwo, wkhbo kc vco Wzhzo lhkgo, gdf wknck"mkgh hncowzkgo, hzfo, kc gvk wk fwfygkzh onck gvlzo# Cok, pfyù,fwhbkchcjo k zfwzk jfl ]hzkghco KK jkwgoyjhczk goc hlzyk zf"wzk jfl Bhnkwzfyo, zyo}khbo gdf lh “Xvhczh gvyh‒ jk Pko KTgocjhcch fwplkgkzhbfczf lh “lkifyzà yflknkowh‒, bfczyf kl]hzkghco KK l‛dh mhzzh phwwhyf(

F pfy mkckyf, bk ykmhggko hl lkiyo “Fwwfyf cfllh }fykzà‒, jkDhcw Eücn $l‛fyfzkgo w}kqqfyo, zhczo pyozfzzo jh Pholo ]K+, jo}f wgyk}f1

¥Ihwzh gocmyoczhyf kl jogvbfczo jozzykchlf hv"zoykzhyko jfnlk hcck —=0 jfl wfgolo wgoywo, pvi"ilkghzo kbbfjkhzhbfczf pykbh jfl ]hzkghco K "owwkh kl “W{llhivw‒, o ghzhlono jfk pykcgkphlk fy"yoyk jfl cowzyo zfbpo, pviilkghzo jh Pko KT cfl84=: " goc k jogvbfczk jozzykchlk jfl ]hzkghco Kljfnlk hcck —=0 jfl cowzyo wfgolo, pfy yfcjfywk wv"



8:8

ikzo goczo gdf ä, nyhqkf vckghbfczf hk bfzojkjfl zozhlkzhykwbo phyzknkhco $“nkhggdë kl —phyzk"

zo‛ dh wfbpyf yhnkocf(‒+ gdf wk ä pozvzo nkvcnfyfh zyhwmoybhyf zvzzf lf goczyhjjkqkock kc vco w}k"lvppo lonkgoµ#

Coc }k ä pkû w}klvppo là jo}f wk hmmfybh fwpyfwwhbfczf klgoczyhyko# Cfll‛hwwfcwo jhzo hl pyonyfwwo bojfyco, hllf hgxvk"wkqkock bojfycf jfllh lkifyzà f jfllh gvlzvyh bojfych jhllhGowzkzvqkocf Phwzoyhlf wvllh Gdkfwh cfl bocjo j‛onnk

$8;=6+, ä kbpowwkiklf }fjfyf vco w}klvppo jk xvfwzh jozzyk"ch jfl 84=:, gdf gocjhcch wolfccfbfczf l‛opkckocf wfgoc"jo gvk “kl Phph pozyfiif f jo}yfiif ykgocgklkhywk f }fckyfh phzzk gol pyonyfwwo, gol lkifyhlkwbo f goc lh cvo}h gvlzv"yh‒ $gk}klkzhw+ $Jfcq# 8>40+# Hcgdf l‛hikzvhlf oppowkqkocf cfl"lo wpkfnhyf lo w}klvppo jonbhzkgo zyh fwplkgkzo $fwpyfwwo+ fjkbplkgkzo $kc bojo kcglvwk}o+, coc pvù fwwfyf kc}oghzh kc xvf"wzo ghwo# L‛hwwfcwo hllh “lkifyzà jk yflknkocf‒, jhzo jhl ]h"

zkghco Kl, coc ä goczfcvzo cë kbplkgkzhbfczf cë fwplkgkzh"bfczf cfllh gocjhcch jfllh lkifyzà yflknkowh jhzh jh PkoKT# F cfbbfco gk wk pvù w}knchywflh ykgdkhbhcjowk hk zfbpkzhlbfczf ghbikhzk, f gdf hlloyh coc wk woco }olvzk gocjhcchyfpfy nlk fggfwwk cfnhzk}k jfllh lkifyzà yflknkowh $f wkbklk hgxvkwk"qkock bojfycf+#

!!!

Lh gobpklhqkocf jfl jogvbfczo “Jknckzhzkw dvbhchf‒ mvjo}vzo, kc nyhc phyzf, hll‛hlloyh Bocw# Pkfzyo Ph}hc#

Kc vc ghpkzolo jk “Gocgklko ]k}o‒ $fj# Hcgoyh, Bklhco8;=>, pp# 947"9;:+ Fnlk dh wgykzzo1

¥Onck gkzzhjkco jk xvhlwk}onlkh Wzhzo, kc xvhczopfywoch, pfygkù pfy lfnnf jk chzvyh, wfbpyf, jo"}vcxvf, kchlkfchiklbfczf, dh jkykzzo jk pyomfwwh"yf f jk pyophnhyf vch xvhlwk}onlkh yflknkocf jkpyopykh flfqkocf, lkifyo jh gohqkocf f zvzflhzo



8:9

jhllf lfnnk gk}klkµ $op# gkz# pp# 94:"946+5 ¥jfzzo jk"ykzzo gobpfzf coc wolo h gdk pyomfwwh lh yflknkocf

ghzzolkgh, bh hcgdf h gdk pyomfwwh vch xvhlwk}onlkhhlzyh yflknkocf5 pokgdä ä ifc }fyo gdf wolo gkù gdfdh yhnkocf jk ifcf, mocjh kl jkykzzo, bh l‛kbbvckzàjh gohqkocf dh yhnkocf jk ifcfµ $op# gkz# p# 9;8+5¥gocgvlghyf jfzzo jkykzzo ä goczyo vc‛fwknfcqh ch"zvyhlf, goczyo vc jkykzzo jfllh pfywoch, goczyo l‛oy"jkcf wzhiklkzo jh Jkoµ $op# gkz# p# 9;8+5 ¥jfzzo jk"ykzzo }h lkbkzhzo jhllf lfnnk gk}klk kc ihwf hllh bo"

yhlf onnfzzk}hµ $op# gkz# p# 9;9+#

Bocw# Ph}hc, pfyù, coc wpkfnh, xvk, xvhcjo lh Boyhlf wkh“onnfzzk}h‒ f xvhcjo coc lo ä5 hcqk, lvk pyowfnvf1

¥Ä lfnkzzkbo pyfwvppoyyf gdf hlbfco, h lvcno hc"jhyf, l‛fwfygkqko jk jfzzo jkykzzo nko}k hllh }fykzà,gowì gdf lh }fykzà, wfcqh gohqkocf, f wolo kc }kyzû

jfllh wvh lvgf, ozzfcnh jk pyf}hlfyf wvll‛fyyoyfµ$op# gkz# p# 9;7+5 ¥jfzzo jkykzzo }fccf jk mhzzo goc"gvlghzo pfy wfgolk f wfgolk cfll‛hbikzo jfllh Gk}klzàgykwzkhch $gkoä cfllh Gdkfwh ghzzolkgh(+, pfygdäbhcgh}hco k pyfwvppowzk cfgfwwhyk h kbpfjkyf jfz"zo wzhzo jk mhzzo1 bhcgh}h, gkoä, vch pkû pkfch go"wgkfcqh cfnlk vobkck jfllh loyo jknckzà jk pfywochvbhch f bhcgh}h vc oyjkchbfczo jfbogyhzkgocfnlk Wzhzk# Oyh, cfll‛fpogh bojfych $o bojfyck"wzh?+ jfzzk pyfwvppowzk woco nkvczk h bhzvyhqkocf,gobf fwkzo jk vc pyogfwwo wzoykgo lhioykowo, gob"plfwwkwwkbo, wzyhqkhzo jh pyomocjk goczyhwzk5 pyo"gfwwo cfl xvhlf, wfcqh jviiko, dh kcgkwo powkzk}h"bfczf lh lvgf jfl ]hcnflo wvll‛kbbfcwo }hloyfjfllh pfywoch vbhchµ $op# gkz# p# 966"9;=+#

Oyh, vch Boyhlf coc pvù fwwfyf gdf “onnfzzk}h‒, pfygdäwf coc lo mowwf, whyfiif wonnfzzk}kwzkgh f xvkcjk, coc bfzhmkwk"ghbfczf mocjhzh, pfygkù whyfiif kczykcwfghbfczf kbboyhlf#



8:7

Bh wkggobf lh lfnnf jk chzvyh, fwkwzfczf kc onck gowgkfcqh,oiilknh boyhlbfczf h mhyf gkù gdf ä ifcf, f h coc mhyf kl bh"

lf, xvkcjk lh lfnnf jk chzvyh oiilknh boyhlbfczf onck pfywo"ch hj hnkyf wv xvfllh lkcfh, pvy lhwgkhcjolh pwkgolonkghbfczflkifyh jk pfgghyf#

Oyh, ä lh yhnkocf jk ifcf kl “mkcf vlzkbo‒ f zvzzo gkù gdf cf"gfwwkzh pfy yhnnkvcnfylo# Kl yfwzo ä bhlf, f }olfylo ä pfgghzo#

Pfygkù, cfwwvch hqkocf pvù fwwfyf boyhlbfczf kcjkmmfyfc"zf5 gkoä1 l‛hzzk}kzà vbhch ä wfbpyf pwkgolonkghbfczf lkifyh,

bh coc bhk lkifyh boyhlbfczf# Onck hqkocf vbhch, pfygkù,o whczkmkgh o bhggdkh#

Goczkcvhcjo1 onck hzzo pwkgolonkghbfczf lkifyo }h jkwzkczokc “flkgkzo‒ f “kbpfyhzo‒#

Kl pykbo, zfybkch cfll‛opfyhczf5 kl wfgocjo, fwfnvkzo wozzol‛kbpfyo jk hlzyf }oloczà, pvù fwwfyf gohzzhiklf, goczyhwzhzo5bfczyf l‛hzzo flkgkzo coc wvikwgf hlgvch moybh jk gohqkocf#

Pfygkù, l‛hzzo kbpfyhzo lo wk pvù gobpkfyf wolo wf dh yh"

nkocf jk ifcf5 jk}fywhbfczf, coc pvù fwwfygk jkykzzo h gob"pkfylo f lo wk pvù kbpfjkyf goc nkvwzf gohqkock#

Kl bhlf boyhlf, xvkcjk, coc dh hlgvc jkykzzo jk woyzh, kc"jkpfcjfczfbfczf jh onck }hlvzhqkocf wonnfzzk}h fj fyyocfh#

Wfgocjo Bocw# Ph}hc, kc}fgf, ponnkhcjo wvllh zvzflh gdflh lfnnf gk}klf hggoyjh hcgdf hllf mhlwf yflknkock, hmmfybh gdf¥nlk vck }fcnoco hj h}fyf, kc zhl bojo, lh mhgolzà jk jkmmocjf"yf, jk jk}vlnhyf hcgdf l‛fyyoyf, bh nlk hlzyk dhcco lh lkifyzà jkjkmmocjfyf lh }fykzà5 f cfl gocmyoczo zyh }fykzà fj fyyoyf, ä lf"nkzzkbo pyfwvppoyyf gdf, hlbfco h lvcno hcjhyf, l‛fyyoyf wkjkwwol}h f lh }fykzà mkckwgh pfy fwwfyf hggolzhµ $op# gkz# p#9;7+#

Xvk, wkhbo cfll‛vzopkh yovwwfhvkhch jfllh “ioczà jfllhchzvyh coc goczhbkchzh jhllh gk}klzà‒5 wkhbo jk myoczf hljonbh bhqqkckhco jfl “pyonyfwwo jfk popolk‒5 wkhbo jkmyoczf hll‛hllvgkchqkocf zfkldhyjkhch jfllh “f}olvqkocf go"wbkgh gykwzkmkghczf‒5 bh wkhbo hcgdf hllh ghcgfllhqkocf jfljonbh ghzzolkgo jfl “pfgghzo oyknkchlf‒ gdf hggobphnchzvzzh lh wzoykh jfll‛vbhckzà, wk jh mhy jkyf h Gykwzo wzfwwo1 ¥]f"



8::

yvczhbfc Mklkvw dobkckw }fckfcw pvzhw, kc}fckfz mkjfb kczfyyh?µ $Xvhcjo }fyyà kl Mknlko jfll‛vobo zyo}fyà hcgoyh lh

mfjf wvllh zfyyh?+#Kc}fgf, wfgocjo Bocw# Ph}hc, l‛kbbvckzà jk gohqkocf }hfwfczf hcgdf gdk jk}vlnh l‛fyyoyf, ¥pfygdä jfzzh kbbvckzà dhyhnkocf jk ifcf f, gkù gdf dh yhnkocf jk ifcf, ä mocjhbfczo jkjkykzzoµ $op# gkz# p# 94=+#

Oyh, wf xvfwzh kbbvckzà dh yhnkocf jk ifcf bfzhmkwkgo,coc pvù h}fycf wvmmkgkfczfbfczf pfy mocjhyf vc jkykzzo# Hjfwfbpko1 k “whgykmkgk vbhck‒ jfnlk Hqzfgdk fyhco goczyo lh

boyhlf onnfzzk}h, xvkcjk mvyoco pkû gdf lfnkzzkbf lf bkwvyfgohzzk}f jfk “Gocxvkwzhjoyfw‒ gdf }k powfyo mkcf#

Lo wzfwwo }hlf pfy gdk jkmmocjf nlk fyyoyk f nlk oyyoyk jfl"lh mhlwf yflknkock, pfygdë woco goczyo lh boyhlf onnfzzk}h#¥Xvhf pfkoy hckbhf boyw xvhb lkifyzhw fyyoykwµ $W# Hno"wzkco " Fp# 8==+#

Bh Bocw# Ph}hc, kc}fgf, dh wgykzzo gdf ¥onck gkzzhjkco jkxvhlwk}onlkh Wzhzo, kc xvhczo pfywoch, pfygkù, pfy lfnnf jk ch"

zvyh, wfbpyf, jo}vcxvf, kchlkfchiklbfczf, dh jkykzzo jk pyomfw"whyf f jk pyophnhyf vch xvhlwkhwk yflknkocf jk pyopykh flfqkocf,lkifyo jh gohqkocf f zvzflhzo jhllf lfnnk gk}klkµ $op# gkz# pp#94:"946+#

Cok, pfyù, ykpfzkhbo gdf, pfy yfcjfyf boyhlbfczf lfgkzhvc‛hqkocf, cfgfwwkzh gdf kl wvo onnfzzo wkh ivoco, coc wolobfzhmkwkghbfczf bh hcgdf boyhlbfczf# Gkù gdf coc ä pfylf mhlwf yflknkock, k gvk fyyoyk woco jfk phyhwwkzk jfllh }fykzà#Gfyzo, onck yflknkocf dh jfl ivoco kc wä, bh xvfwzo pogo jkivoco coc ihwzh pfy yfcjfylf boyhlbfczf ivocf( ¥Iocvbboyhlf ft kczfnyh ghvwh, bhlvb ft xvo}kw jfmfgzvµ# Xvkc"jk, lf mhlwf yflknkock, cocowzhczf xvfl po‛ jk ivoco gdf goc"zfcnoco, yfwzhco gobplfwwk}hbfczf mhlwf, pyk}f jk ioczàboyhlf f pfygkù coc ä lfgkzh lh loyo hzzk}kzà# Xvkcjk, kl pyo"mfwwhylf f kl jk}vlnhylf yfwzh kllfgkzo, pfygdë kczykcwfghbfczfkbboyhlf, xvhlvcxvf wkh lh ivoch mfjf jk gdk l‛fwfygkzh#

Pfygkù, ä mhlwo gdf pyokifcjo hnlk fyyhczk jk pyomfwwhyf fpyophnhyf k loyo fyyoyk, ¥wk }h goczyo vch loyo fwkwzfcqh chzv"yhlf f wk lfjf vc jkykzzo jfllh loyo pfywoch, f wk }h goczyo l‛oy"



8:6

jkcf wzhiklkzo jh Jkoµ $op# gkz# p# 9;8+#Xvkcjk, xvhcjo l‛Hvzoykzà gk}klf pfybfzzf lf mhlwf yflknko"

ck, lf pyomfwwk kc pyopyko, lf zvzflk f pfywfnvkzk lh yflknkocf ghz"zolkgh, kc}fgf, }h goczyo l‛oyjkcf boyhlf f goczyo kl jkykzzo jfl"lo wzfwwo oyjkcf boyhlf#

Hl goczyhyko, pyomfwwhyf f jk}vlnhyf lh yflknkocf ghzzolkgh,l‛vckgh }fyh f }olvzh jh Jko, ä jk wvo pkfco jkykzzo ¥ft lfnfchzvyhf fz ft lfnf powkzk}h Jfkµ# Jk gocwfnvfcqh, lo Wzhzojf}f zvzflhyf goc lfnnk gk}klk f lh wvh fwkwzfcqh f pyophnhqko"cf5 bfczyf jf}f kczfyjkyf lh pyomfwwkocf f lh jk}vlnhqkocf jfl"

lf hlzyf yflknkock, pfygdä fyyocff f goczyo lh }oloczà jk Jko,gdf }volf lh Wvh vckgh yflknkocf#

Kl Wkncoyf coc ä pfy kl plvyhlkwbo yflknkowo, bh mh oi"ilkno nyh}f, h gowzo hcgdf jfl bhyzkyko, jk mhyf “pyowflkzk"wbo‒ f jkwzyvnnfyf lf hlzyf yflknkock#

Xvhczh yfzoykgh }hgvh, xvkcjk, xvfllh jk Bocw# Ph}hcxvhcjo hmmfybh gdf kl jkykzzo hllh lkifyzà gk}klf, hcgdf pfy l‛fy"yoyf, ä wzhzo gocgvlghzo pfy wfgolk f wfgolk hcgdf jhllh Gdkfwh,

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86:

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866

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86=

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86>

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wkgvyh ä xvfllh gdf wk zyo}h wolo cfllh Gdkfwh# Jko coc hiihc"joch hcgdf xvfwzf bolzkzvjkck gdf kncoyhco kl ]hcnflo, wollf"gkzhcjolf hj hggonlkfyf, hlbfco kczfychbfczf f kbplkgkzhbfc"



864

zf, kl bfwwhnnko f lh whl}fqqh jk Gykwzo5 bh xvfwzh kbpfymfzzh,pyfghykh, kckqkhlf hjfwkocf h Gykwzo f hllh Gdkfwh, fwknf jk fw"

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86;

vckgo Whl}hzoyf# Kl gdf coc h}}kfcf, hcqk, coc woco, pvyzyop"po, pogdf lf pfy}fywkock f hpowzhwkf jhllh wzfwwh }fyh yflknkocf

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8=0

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8=8

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8=9

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Ä wvpyfbhbfczf fxvk}ogo, pfygdë dh wponlkhzo lh“Bkwwkocf‒ jfl wvo ghyhzzfyf pyopyko, yfcjfcjolo kc vc wfc"wo }hno f nfcfykgo j‛f}hcnflkqqhqkocf, ghcgfllhcjo lh wolh go"wh kbpoyzhczf1 goc}fyzkyf k popolk f ihzzfqqhylk, gobf mvl‛oyjkcf jk Cowzyo Wkncoyf# Kl wvo ykwvlzhzo gocgklkhyf, pfygkù,mv vco wghcjhlowo yflhzk}kwbo, gdf kchykjì lf }oghqkock f wzhg"ghyoco k bkwwkochyk jhl loyo lh}oyo hpowzolkgo, zonlkfcjo lh wo"}yhckzà jk Jko pfy vc “gvlzo‒ jfll‛vobo(

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K ]fwgo}k coc dhcco nkvykwjkqkocf wv zvzzh lh zfyyh, jk}fy"whbfczf whyfiif kc goczyhjjkqkocf goc lh zyhjkqkocf vck}fywh"lf jfllh Gdkfwh# Wolo Pkfzyo f wvok Wvggfwwoyk, kcmhzzk, powwkf"joco kl “jkykzzo wzyfzzo‒ jk nvkjhyf zvzzo kl nyfnnf# Kcolzyf,whyfiif kcgobplfzh hcgdf l‛fwpowkqkocf jfl pykcgkpko jfll‛hzzk"}kzà bkwwkochykh# Oyh, xvfllh fwpowkqkocf pyojvwwf l‛kchykjk"bfczo jk onck }oghqkocf f jfllo qflo hpowzolkgo pfy lh whl}fq"qh jfllf hckbf, hzzyh}fywo Nfwû Gykwzo Whl}hzoyf, hl powzo jfkbfqqk gdf jkpfcjoco jhllh }oloczà jk Jko5 kl ikwonco jfllhMfjf f jfl Ihzzfwkbo f kl ikwonco jfllh pyfjkghqkocf pfygobpkfyf lh bkwwkocf whl}hzykgf jfl Gykwzo# Cfll‛fwpowkqkocfjfllo wgdfbh, kc}fgf, woco kncoyhzk, moywf pfygdë fwzyhcfk hl"l‛fgocobkh jfllh whl}fqqh pfy bfqqo jfllh Gdkfwh#



8=7

Ä vch zfolonkh cvo}h# L‛hpowzolhzo coc ä pkû ihwhzo wvkpykcgkpkk wopyhcchzvyhlk, bh wolo chzvyhlkwzkgk pfy “lf hckbf

ifc jkwpowzf‒, gobf jfzzo hl c° 87, bfczyf Nfwû f Hpowzolkpyfjkghyoco h zvzzk nlk vobkck(H phnkch 87, yknh 6, cfllo wgdfbh wk lfnnf1 ¥Lh Gdkfwh

pyokikwgf jk gowzykcnfyf gdkvcxvf hj hiiyhggkhyf lh mfjf, ojk wollfgkzhylo f jk kcjvy}flo goc hyzkmkgk kbpoyzvckµ# Ä vchmyhwf, xvfwzh, pfyù, gdf ä kcnkvykowh pfy k bkwwkochyk fzvzz‛hlzyo gdf qflhczf pfy lh whl}fqqh jfllf hckbf( F h phn# C°4, wk lfnnf1 ¥Gdf kl Gykwzo wkh### jk vc‛vbhckzà cvo}hµ( Bh

jk xvhlf “vbhckzà cvo}h‒ wf coc zfyyfwzyf?##G‛ä vc }flfco chwgowzo kc fwwo gdf dh mhzzo wvwgkzhyf vch}kzh phnhch zyh k mfjflk f, pfy ykbihlqo, hcgdf zyh kl glfyo, jk"wzolzk zvzzk jhllf opfyf yflknkowf pfy jhywk hllh “gowzyvqkocf jflbocjo‒ f hcgdf hllh wvh “gocwhgyhqkocf‒, bfzzfcjo cfll‛h"ckbo jfk mfjflk vch wpkczh gdf dh mhzzo jkbfczkghyf h loyo oi"ilkndk yflknkowk f boyhlk, coc pfcwhcjo pkû hll‛kjfhlf jfllh yk"gfygh jfl “Yfnco jk Jko‒ f jfllh wvh nkvwzkqkh, pfy kcwzhv"

yhyf zvzzo kc Gykwzo, moybhcjo vch gk}klzà ghzzolkgh#Cfllh wzoykh jfllh Gdkfwh, lh wpkczh bkwwkochykh ä wfbpyf

wzhzh wfnco jk }kzhlkzà, onnk, lh wvh jkbkcvqkocf ä wfnco, kc}f"gf, jk vch nyh}f gykwk jk mfjf(

Wkggobf cfl Jfgyfzo “Vckzhzkw yfjkczfnyhzko‒ wk hmmfybhgdf lf gdkfwf gykwzkhcf coc ghzzolkgdf ¥coc woco pfy ckfczfwpyo}}kwzf jk wknckmkghqkocf f jk }hloyf cfl bkwzfyo jfllhwhl}fqqhµ pfy gvk ¥lo Wpkykzo jk Gykwzo coc ykmkvzh jk wfy}ky"wk jk fwwf gobf bfqqk jk whl}fqqhµ, f gdf, xvkcjk, dh nfcf"yhzo cfllf bfczk jfk mfjflk l‛kjfh gdf zvzzf lf yflknkock wkfxvk}hlnoco, " jocjf, oybhk, l‛kcjkmmfyfczkwbo kc bolzk mf"jflk( " gyfjo wkh cfgfwwhyko zyhzzhyf, xvk, wkh pvyf iyf}fbfczf,kl pyoilfbh gdf wk pocf1 wf zvzzf lf yflknkock woco vnvhlk#

Wv coc pogdf bhppf jfllf yflknkock, kl gykwzkhcfwkbo }k ähccozhzo, oybhk, wfcqh hlgvc yklkf}o, hllh phyk jfllf hlzyf yflk"nkock, gobf mowwf vch yflknkocf gobf lf hlzyf, wkh pvyf vc jkh"bhczf jk }hloyf, bh hggowzhzo goc k mocjk jk vch iozzknlkh, o



8=:

gobf vc bocklf j‛oyo pvykwwkbo, jfnyhjhzo, pfyù, kc bfqqo h}olnhyk phzhggdf#

Ä pyopyko }fyo, xvkcjk, gdf Nfwû Gykwzo ä hcgoyh kl “Jfvwhiwgocjkzvw‒… Ä pyopyko }fyo, hcgdf, gdf ¥}fccf zyh k wvokf k wvok coc l‛dhcco ykgocowgkvzoµ $N}# 8,88+#

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Ä vc yhnkochyf, xvfwzo, gdf wh jk lfnnfyfqqh f jk wvpfymk"gkhlkzà# Ä gobf wf wk jkgfwwf1 ¥zvzzf lf bocfzf woco ivocf, wkh}fyf gdf mhlwf, mh lo wzfwwoµ( Fppvyf, lf bocfzf mhlwf wfbiyh"co }fyf, bh yfwzhco mhlwf(

Pfygkù, jkyf gdf ¥zvzzf lf yflknkock woco ivocfµ ä vc fy"yoyf nyowwolhco, pvy ykgocowgfcjo gdf hcgdf cfnlk fyyoyk gkpowwoco fwwfyf iykgkolf jk }fykzà5 Kc zvzzf lf yflknkock, gkoä, wkzyo}hco pvczk kc gobvcf#

Hj fwfbpko1

8# zvzzf lf yflknkock powwfnnoco lh coqkocf jk vc FwwfyfWvpyfbo, occkpozfczf, nkvjkgf jfl “bhlf‒#

9# zvzzf lf yflknkock gyfjoco, kc bojk jk}fywk, h vch }kzhjopo lh boyzf#

7# zvzzf lf yflknkock dhcco vc loyo gojkgf boyhlf#

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Xvkcjk, lh myhwf “onck yflknkocf }hlf l‛hlzyh‒, ä gobf vg"gkjfyf lh Gdkfwh cfl wvo jkchbkwbo bkwwkochyko# Moywf gdfhk zfbpk jk Nfwû f jfnlk Hpowzolk coc gk mowwfyo hlzyf yflknko"



8=6

ck? Bh Gykwzo coc dh }olvzo kl “jkhlono‒, bh, kc}khcjo nlkHpowzolk h zvzzf lf nfczk, vwù l‛kbpfyhzk}o1 ¥jogfzf obcfw

nfczfwµ, pfy hccvcgkhyf h loyo lh “Ivoch Co}fllh‒, kl wvo]hcnflo5 pfy goc}fyzkylf f gowì whl}hyf lf loyo hckbf#Gykwzo, kcmhzzk, mv bhcjhzo jhl Phjyf pfy cok, “kc fwpkh"

qkocf jfk cowzyk pfgghzk‒ $8 N}# :,80+, f coc pfy ykwhchyfl‛vobo cfl lhzo vbhco $po}fyzà, bhlhzzkh, boyzf+, bh pfy wol"lf}hylo hllh }kzh jk}kch, bfjkhczf kl joco jfllh Nyhqkh# Kl Gyk"wzkhcfwkbo, pfygkù, ä vch cvo}h nfcfyhqkocf $N}# 7,>+, vchcvo}h }kzh gdf gk yfcjf “phyzfgkpk jfllh chzvyh jk}kch‒ $9

Pz# 8,:+#Kl Gykwzkhcfwkbo, pfygkù, coc ä xvfllo jk gfyzh pyfwvczh zfo"

lonkh pyonyfwwkwzh gdf pyopkch vc Gykwzo hbkgo jfk po}fyk,}fcjkghzoyf jfnlk wmyvzzhzk, gdf pyfjkgh vc vbhckzhykwbo fgo"cobkgo"wogkhlf f gdf kcwfnch h mhyf kl ifcf hnlk hlzyk, hcgdf hkcfbkgk# Bh xvfwzh yflknkocf whyfiif wolo vbhch, h bkwvyhj‛vobo, owwkh mklhczyopkh#

Lh yflknkocf gykwzkhch, kc}fgf, ä kcmkckzhbfczf pkû hlzh, pfy"

gdë flf}h l‛vobo hj hlzfqqf jk}kcf, hll‛hboyf goc Jko# Yfh"lkqqh, gowk, vc kccfwzo bkwzfykowo, wvnnfykzo jh Gykwzo ¥Ko wo"co lh }kzf, }ok k zyhlgkµ $N}# 86,6+, ¥hmmkcgdë wkhbo vch gowhwolh gol Phjyfµ $N}# 8>,88,98+#



8==

Lvkwf Ykcwfy ft bonlkf jfl bvwkgkwzh Ehyl Oymm f hbhczf jk Ehyl Yhd"cfy, gdf lf wgykwwf ifc 8#400 lfzzfyf wfbpyf pkû yo}fczk f hpphwwkochzf#



8=>

Kl ghyjkchlf ^hlzfy Ehwpfy#



8=4

¥]fyyfiif jh ykgoyjhyf

gdf coc whyàpfyjochzh lh ifwzfbbkhgoczyo lo Wpkykzo Whczo,

xvhl ä l‛fyfwkhgdf kbpvnch lh ]fykzàµ#

$Bz# 89, 78"79+



8=;

Ghpkzolo ]KKK

GOWZKZVQKOCFGOWZKZVQKOCF“LVBFC NFCZKVB‒“LVBFC NFCZKVB‒ ‗ Gdkfwh ‗ ‗ Gdkfwh ‗

Ä lh Gowzkzvqkocf $jfzzh “jonbhzkgh‒+ wvllh Gdkfwh# Mvpyobvlnhzh kl 98 co}fbiyf 8;=:#

Gobpyfcjf ozzo ghpkzolk, kczkzolhzk1 Kl Bkwzfyo jfllh Gdkf"wh ‗ Kl Popolo jk Jko ‗ Gowzkzvqkocf nfyhygdkgh jfllh Gdkf"wh, kc phyzkgolhyf jfll‛Fpkwgophzo ‗ K Lhkgk ‗ Lh ]oghqkocfvck}fywhlf hllh whczkzà cfllh Gdkfwh ‗ K Yflknkowk ‗ Ghyhzzf"yf fwghzolonkgo jfllh Gdkfwh pfyfnykchczf f wvh bkwwkocf

goc lh Gdkfwh jfl Gkflo ‗ Lh ifhzh ]fynkcf Bhykh, Bhjyfjk Jko, cfl bkwzfyo jfl Gykwzo f jfllh Gdkfwh#Lh cowzyh phyzkgolhyf hzzfcqkocf }vol fwwfyf wvllh “Gowzk"

zvqkocf nfyhygdkgh jfllh Gdkfwh‒#Cfll‛kczyojvqkocf, kl Gocgklko jkgdkhyh jk ¥mhyf wvh f jk

pyopoyyf jk cvo}o hk mfjflk lh jozzykch jfl pykbo Gocgklkojfl ]hzkghco wvl Pykbhzo jfl Poczfmkgf Yobhcoµ# F hn"nkvcnf wvikzo1

¥Pfywfnvfcjo lo wzfwwo wgopo, fwwo kczfcjf jk"gdkhyhyf f pyoglhbhyf lh jozzykch yknvhyjhczf k



8>0

]fwgo}k, wvggfwwoyk jfnlk Hpowzolk, k xvhlk goc klwvggfwwoyf jk Pkfzyo, ]kghyko jk Gykwzo f ghpo }k"

wkiklf jk zvzzh lh Gdkfwh, yfnnoco lh ghwh jfl Jko}k}fczfµ#

Oyh, kl jkyf gdf ¥goc kl Wvggfwwoyf jk Pkfzyo, k ]fwgo}kyfnnoco lh ghwh jk Jkoµ ä pkû gdf vc fxvk}ogo, pfygdë pvùkcjvyyf kc fyyoyf, kc bojo nyh}f, pfy coc h}fy wozzolkcfhzolh wvioyjkchqkocf jfk ]fwgo}k hl Phph, kl gdf }fyyfiif h goc"zyhjjkyf kl ]hzkghco K#

Hl C° 8; wk lfnnf1 ¥Nfwû gowzkzvì k Jojkgk kc moybh jkGollfnko, o gfzo wzhiklf, f bkwf hllh wvh zfwzh Pkfzyo, wgflzozyh loyoµ# F pkû h}hczk wk lfnnf1

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Gobf wk }fjf, coc wk mh ghwo hl zfwzo1 ¥Zv wfk Pkfzyo f wvxvfwzh pkfzyh ko fjkmkgdfyà lh bkh Gdkfwhµ, pfy gvk xvfl “bk"wf hllh wvh zfwzh Pkfzyo‒, f “loyo pykcgkpf‒, o “ghpo‒, dhc"co kl wknckmkghzo jk vc wfbplkgf “pykbhzo j‛ocoyf‒#

Hl C° 90, l‛fxvk}ogo yfwzh5 kcmhzzk, ä jfzzo1

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Hcgdf xvk, kl zfwzo coc jkmmfyfcqkh kl wvggfwwoyf jk Pkfzyojhk wfbplkgk ]fwgo}k, cë gdkhykwgf jk xvhlf chzvyh wkh lh Nf"yhygdkh#

Cfl C° 99, pvy hmmfybhcjo gdf kl Gollfnko jfk ]fwgo}k dh



8>8

hvzoykzà wolo wf vckzo h Pkfzyo, zvzzh}kh coc wpkfnh jk xvhlf ch"zvyh ä xvfwzo pozfyf5 pfy jk pkû, xvfwzo pozfyf pvù fwfygkzhywk

jhk ]fwgo}k wphywk cfl bocjo, pvygdë kl ghpo jfl gollfnko lk kc"}kzk h gkù, o hlbfco hppyo}k f hggfzzk xvfllh loyo hqkocf#Ä gdkhyo gdf, xvk, lh gocmvwkocf hvbfczh# Bfczyf kl ]hzk"

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Vc‛hlzyh ikqqhyykh pkû wgocgfyzhczf ä xvfl jkyf1 gdf ¥klPoczfmkgf Yobhco ä wfbpyf lkifyo jk fwfygkzhyf kl wvo po"zfyf wvpyfboµ, vckzo hll‛oyjkcf jfk ]fwgo}k# Ä ykjkgolo(

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nkhlbfczf?

Cfllh “Lvbfc nfczkvb‒, pok, coc }k woco lf jvf }fykzà, kcjkwgvzkiklk pfy lh Whgyh Wgykzzvyh f lh Zyhjkqkocf, jhllfxvhlk coc gk wk pvù hlloczhchyf wfcqh pfyjfyf lh Mfjf#

F woco18+ ¥ä hl Poczfmkgf gdf Nfwû Gykwzo dh gocmfykzo, cfllh

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Xvfwzf }fykzà, gdf wk zyo}hco cfnlk wgdfbk pyfphyhzk pykbhjfl Gocgklko, mvyoco ykbfwwf kc jkwgvwwkocf jhl bhwwocf ghy"jkchlf Lkfchyz, hpponnkhzo jhl ghyjkchlf Mykcnw f jhnlk hl"zyk Phjyk pyonyfwwkwzk#



8>9

Gowì, l‛fxvk}ogo ä hll‛oyjkcf jfl nkoyco, kc zfwzk }hndk f jk"plobhzkgk5 oyzojowwk kc hpphyfcqh, bh, kc yfhlzà, bojfyckwzk(

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Nfwû Gykwzo pfypfzvhczfwk cfllh wvh Gdkfwh, mocjhzh jh Lvk wvPkfzyo, f jk}kchbfczf gowzkzvkzh, bh kc}fgf gobf “bkwzfyo‒jfl popolo jk Jko, gdf hggfzzh l‛kjfolonkh jfl wfczkbfczo yflk"nkowo fczyo vch f}olvqkocf kcjfmkckzh#

K whzhckgk ghpomklh jfl ]hzkghco KK whpf}hco gfyzhbfczf

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Oyh xvfwzo pvù jkywk vc hzzfczhzo whgyklfno goczyo Jko fkl wvo Mknlko(

Pfy xvfwzo, }onlko zyhwgyk}fyf l‛hchzfbh pyocvcgkhzo jhl]hzkghco K1

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Bh hlloyh, xvhlf “xvhlkmkgh zfolonkgh‒ ä jh hzzykivkyf hl"lh “Lvbfc nfczkvb‒ f hllh “Jfk }fyivb‒?

Kl zfwzo jfl ]hzkghco KK ä hlxvhczo wkikllkco, fcknbhzkgo, bfczyf wk fwknf}h, kc}fgf, vch ykwpowzh vmmkgkhlf kc bhzfykh zfo"lonkgh, vc phylhy gdkhyo#

Kl zfolono, xvkcjk, h}yfiif jkykzzo jk zyo}hyf hmmfybhzofwpyfwwhbfczf, wfcqh wozzkczfwk, k zfwzk vmmkgkhlk, bfczyf, kc}f"



8>7

gf, kc zvzzk k Jogvbfczk Gocgklkhyk $Gowzkzvqkock, Jkgdkhyh"qkock, Jfgyfzk, fgg…+ coc g‛ä hlgvch jfmkckqkocf jonbhzkgh,

cë hchzfbk, pvy jkgfcjo kl goczyhyko jk fwwk, pfy gvk cf gocwf"nvf gdf kl ]hzkghco KK coc dh hlgvc ghykwbh jk kcmhllkiklkzà#Ykbhcnoco wolo “jonbk jk mfjf‒ xvfllk jfmkckzk jhnlk hlzykGocgklkk “jf mkjf‒#

Xvfwzo ä vc pvczo gdf ikwonch mkwwhyf ifcf kc bfczf, pfy"gdë xvfwzo ykmkvzo jk kbpfnchywk wfcqh kl ghykwbh jfll‛kcmhllkik"lkzà, gk jà lh wpkfnhqkocf jfllf hbiknvkzà f pfywkco fyfwkfgdf wk wgopyoco xvh f là, olzyf lf ghzhwzyomk kc gvk ä pyfgkpkzhzh

lh Gdkfwh jfl powz"Gocgklko#Hlgvck Phjyk zyhjkqkochlkwzk, gdf h}f}hco }kwzo lh iyvzzh

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Kcmkcf, }fjkhbo gdf lh jfmkckqkocf wzfwwh jfllh Gdkfwh, cfllh “Lvbfc nfczkvb‒, ä fyyhzh#

Hl c° 4, kcmhzzk, wk jkgf1

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8>:

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8>6

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8>=

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Ä xvfwzh lh jozzykch jfmkckzh wolfccfbfczf jhl ]hzkghco

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8>>

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8>4

KL “WVIWKWZKZ‒CFLLH “LVBFC NFCZKVB‒

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8>;

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848

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849

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847

vc hzzfczhzo hll‛vckzà ghzzolkgh, hppvczo pfygdë lh “jfbogyh"qkh‒ jfl }ozo bhnnkoykzhyko dh wowzkzvkzo, kc pyhzkgh, lh

“Bochygdkh‒ jk Pkfzyo f jfllh ]fykzà#Lf Gocmfyfcqf Fpkwgophlk, kcmhzzk, kc cobf jfl plvyhlkwbofzckgo f gvlzvyhlf, dhcco hyyonhzo h wë vch lkifyzà cvo}h, wkhlkzvynkgh gdf wogkolonkgh f zfolonkgh $gobf mv cfllh “Jknckzh"zkw dvbhchf‒(+ goc kckqkhzk}f, jfgkwkock f Jfgyfzk gdf pocno"co hk }ozk jfllh bhnnkoyhcqh, hl phyfyf jfk pkû#

H}}kfcf, jk gocwfnvfcqh, lh “wo}}fywkocf‒ gdf kczyojvgfonck fyyoyf, pfy lh wvh zfybkcolonkh plvyk}hlfczf gdf pvù wk"

nckmkghyf xvfwzo o xvfllo, pfygdë lh }oloczà jfl “plvyhlkwbo‒bhwgdfyh l‛fxvk}ogkzà jfl lkcnvhnnko#Coc ä wzhzo gfyzo bolzo ocoyf}olf, pfy 9#:00 ]fwgo}k, mh"

yf vco wgdfbh wvllh Gdkfwh, kl gvk oikfzzk}o pykcgkphlf fyh hp"pvczo lh “Gollfnkhlkzà‒, fj fwwfyf wzhzk, pok, gowzyfzzk hj hn"nkvcnfy}k vch “cozh fwplkghzk}h‒, pfy wpkfnhyf xvfllo gdf }o"lf}h jkyf, kc bojo gdkhyo, xvfwzh “Gollfnkhlkzà‒(

Bfczyf k Gocgklk woco wfbpyf wzhzk “jonbhzkgk‒, xvfllo

jfl ]hzkghco KK, co#Phph Nko}hcck TTKKK lo jkwwf gdkhyhbfczf# Kl wvo “on"

nfzzo‒, kcmhzzk, mv jk}fywo jh xvfllo jfnlk hlzyk Gocgklk#Pfy f}kzhyf hbiknvkzà ‗ gobf woco }fcvzf jopo( ‗ wk jo"

}f}h mhyf, pfy lo bfco, jvf zfwzk1 vco, jozzykchlf5 l‛hlzyo, jkgocwkjfyhqkock phwzoyhlk# Pvyzyoppo, l‛kjfh jfl zfwzo jozzykch"lf mv fwglvwh# Lo wzfwwo ghyj# Mflkgk lo jo}fzzf hbbfzzfyf1 ¥Gkwoco, kc }fykzà, bolzk fxvk}ogk cfk zfwzk jfl Gocgklkoµ(

Xvfwzo mh gobpyfcjfyf lh wkzvhqkocf kc gvk gk wk zyo}h hz"zvhlbfczf# Xvfwzo “wpkykzo powz"gocgklkhyf‒ dh pyo}oghzo yk"ifllkock cfl glfyo, wollf}hzo goczfwzhqkock f cvzykzo hifyyhqkockzfolonkgdf f lkzvynkgdf#

Cë wk pvù jkyf gdf kl “powz"gocgklko‒ coc hiikh h gdf mhyfgol Gocgklko, pfygdë whyfiif pvfyklf f nyozzfwgo, pfygdë lh pyk"bh cfgfwwhykh gocwfnvfcqh pfy vc Gocgklko jf}f fwwfyf pfy vchvbfczo jk Mfjf#

Ä wvllh Mfjf f wvllh Zyhjkqkocf, kcmhzzk, gdf ikwonch wfb"pyf ykgowzyvkyf lh Gykwzkhckzà, chzvyhlbfczf wvk zfwzk jk mfjf wk"gvyh, coc hbiknvh, coc jviikh, coc kcgfyzh o goczyhjjkzzoykh#



84:

Ä, xvfwzo, kl pyoilfbh gdf pocf hllo wzvjkowo jk zfolonkh kl]hzkghco KK# Wk pyfcjh, hj fwfbpko, lh “Nhvjkvb fz Wpfw‒ f

lh “Lkifyzà Yflknkowh‒, gdf poyzhco kc wë vch f}kjfczkwwkbhgoczyhjjkqkocf kczfych#F xvfwzo lo dh mhzzo kl Bojfyckwbo, kl xvhlf, jopo h}fy

jhzo vco wgowwocf hll‛vckzà jfllh Mfjf, wzh oyh mhgfcjolo hl"l‛vckzà jk No}fyco, wommoghcjo lh wzyvzzvyh fgglfwkhlf#

Lh cvo}h jozzykch jfllh “Gollfnkhlkzà‒, wvnnfykzh cfllh“Lvbfc nfczkvb‒ f ykpyfwh, pok, cfl “Cvo}o Wpkykzo Gh"cockgo‒, ä hppvczo lh jozzykch jfl jvplkgf “pozfyf‒, nkà goc"

jhcchzh gobf fyyoyf nkhcwfckwzh, gocjhcchzh jhllh Iollh“Hvgzoyfb Mkjfk‒ jk Pko ]K7 f gocjhcchzh hcgdf jhll‛fc"gkglkgh “Whzkw gonckzvb‒ jk Lfocf TKKK:#

Ä jo}fyowo ykgoyjhyf, pfygkù, xvfllo gdf k Phjyk gocgklkhykjfl ]hzkghco K jkgdkhyhyoco1

¥Cok, pfy lh jkmfwh, lh gocwfy}hqkocf f lh gyfwgk"zh jfl Ghzzolkgfwkbo, nkvjkgdkhbo cfgfwwhyko

pyopoyyf gdf, gocmoybfbfczf hllh mfjf hczkgh fgowzhczf jfllh Gdkfwh vck}fywhlf, zvzzk k mfjflkgyfjhco f ykzfcnhco lh jozzykch jfl whczo Pyk"bhzo Hpowzolkgo, wvl xvhlf ykpowh kl }knoyf f lhwolkjhykfzà jfllh kczfyh Gdkfwh f nkvjkgdkhbocfgfwwhyko pyowgyk}fyf f gocjhcchyf nlk fyyoykvbhck, gowì jhccowk pfy kl nyfnnf jk Jkoµ#

Hcgdf l‛kwzkzvqkocf jfl Pykbhzo cfllh pfywoch jk W# Pkf"zyo, cfl ]hzkghco K, ä pkû gdf gdkhyh1

¥Cok kcwfnchbo f jkgdkhykhbo, gocmoybfbfczfhllh zfwzkbockhcqf jfl ]hcnflo, gdf Nfwû Gykwzopyobkwf f gocmfyì kbbfjkhzhbfczf f jkyfzzh"

7 Gmy# ]hzkghco K, Jq# 7066#: Gmy# Lfocf TKKK#



846

bfczf hll‛Hpowzolo W# Pkfzyo kl pykbhzo jk nkvyk"wjkqkocf wvllh Gdkfwh vck}fywhlf… f gdf wolzhc"

zo h Pkfzyo, Nfwû yfwvwgkzhzo gocmfyì lh nkvykwjk"qkocf jk phwzoyf f ghpo wvpyfbo jk zvzzo kl nyfn"nfµ6#

Jkwgocowgfyf xvfwzo o jvikzhycf, wknckmkgh zkzvihyf jfllhcowzyh Mfjf wvllh pkfzyh hcnolhyf gdf ä kl Gykwzo# Jk mhzzo,xvfwzh jfnyhjhqkocf jfll‛Hvzoykzà cfllh Gdkfwh dh ghbikhzo lhmoybvlh “gvb Pfzyo fz wvi Pfzyk ghpkzf‒, kc xvfllh jk “Ghz"

zolkgkzà‒#Bh cok joiikhbo wfnvkyf lh pykbh moybvlh, wf }onlkhbo

gdf lh cowzyh }kzh gykwzkhch }hlnh hcgoyh lh pfch jk fwwfyf }kw"wvzh(

Gobf wk ä }kwzo, lh “gollfnkhlkzà fpkwgophlf‒ ä vch joz"zykch gdf hzzhggh lh Gowzkzvqkocf jk}kch jfllh Gdkfwh, pfyzyhwmoybhylh jh bochygdkgh kc jfbogyhzkgh, hzzykivfcjo kl po"zfyf wvpyfbo coc wolo hl Phph, bh hcgdf hl gollfnko jfk ]f"

wgo}k #Jopo h}fy wgowwo l‛vckzà jfllh Mfjf, k bojfyckwzk wk hjo"

pyhyoco h wgvozfyf l‛vckzà jk no}fyco f lh wzyvzzvyh nfyhygdkghjfllh Gdkfwh#

Lh jozzykch nkà wvnnfykzh jhk jogvbfczk “Lvbfc Nfc"zkvb‒ jfl ]hzkghco KK, }fccf ykpyfwh fwplkgkzhbfczf jhlcvo}o “Jkykzzo Ghcockgo‒ $G# 77=+, vch jozzykch wfgocjo lhxvhlf kl gollfnko jfk ]fwgo}k, vckzo hl Phph, nojf hllo wzfwwobojo jfl pozfyf wvpyfbo cfllh Gdkfwh f gkù kc bojo hikzvhlff gowzhczf# Bh xvfwzh jozzykch jfl joppko pozfyf wvpyfboä goczyhykh hll‛kcwfnchbfczo f hllh pyhzkgh jfl BhnkwzfyoFgglfwkhwzkgo, wpfgkhlbfczf cfl Gocgklko ]hzkghco K $gmy# Jq#7066+, f cfll‛fcgkglkgh jk Lfocf TKKK “Whzkw Gonckzvb‒#Xvkcjk, wolo kl Phph dh zhlf pozfyf wvpyfbo, gd‛Fnlk gobvck"

6 Kc xvfwzo phwwo, k Phjyk gocgklkhyk gkzhyoco1 N}# 8,:95 Bz# 8=, 8="85 N}#98, 86"8>#



84=

gh cfllh bkwvyh kc gvk lo ykzkfcf oppoyzvco f kc gkygowzhcqfwzyhoyjkchykf#

H xvfwzo nyh}f fyyoyf wk gollfnh l‛oykfczhbfczo jfbogyhzk"go fgglfwkhlf, ykwkfjfcjo k pozfyk cfl “Popolo jk Jko‒, gob‛äwhcgkzo cfl cvo}o Jkykzzo# Bh hcgdf xvfwzo “fyyoyf nkhcwf"ckwzh‒ mv gocjhcchzo jhllh Iollh “Hvgzoyfb Mkjfk‒ jk Pko]K $gkmy# Jq# 78=8, cfl cvo}o Jkykzzo Ghcockgo, ghc# ::>+#

Pvyzyoppo, xvfwzo kczfy}fczo wvllh “Gollfnkhlkzà‒ mv kc"zyojozzo cfllh jozzykch jfllh Gdkfwh, gocgfycfczf k pozfykyflhzk}k jfl Phph f jfk ]fwgo}k# Mv vch hqkocf hwzyhzzh f nf"

cfykgh hj vc Gollfnko phyzkgolhyf# Mv wvikzo gdkhyo gdf lo wgo"po h gvk wk bkyh}h fyh xvfllo jk hmmfybhyf vch gollfnkhlkzàpfybhcfczf gdf jo}f}h oiilknhyf kl Phph h coc hnkyf wfcoc gkygocjhzo jh vc Wfchzo phyzfgkphczf hl wvo pozfyf, kcbhckfyh hikzvhlf f pfybhcfczf, hl mkcf jk jkbkcvkyf cfllhyfhlzà l‛fwfygkqko jfl pozfyf phphlf#

Bfczyf lh “gollfnkhlkzà boyhlf‒ nfcfyh wolo yflhqkock bo"yhlk, lh “gollfnkhlkzà nkvykjkgh‒, kc}fgf, gobf ifc jkwwf W# F#

Bocwkncoy Ghylk, ¥coc wk pvù pyo}hylh cë goc lh WhgyhWgykzzvyh, cë goc lh zfolonkh, cë goc lh wzoykhµ#

Xvfwzo, gk mh ykpfzfyf gdf lh jozzykch jfllh Gollfnkhlkzà w‛kc"zfcjf gdf kl Gollfnko Fpkwgophlf $gol Phph+ dh, jk jkykzzo jk}k"co, kl pkfco f wvpyfbo pozfyf cfllh Gdkfwh kczfyh#

Bh xvfwzh jozzykch ä mhlwh, gobf lo wk pvù pyo}hyf goc lhGowzkzvqkocf “Jf Fgglfwkh‒, kczfwh hllh lvgf jfllh “Cozhfwplkghzk}h‒, f goc kl jkwgoywo jk Pholo ]K jfl 98 co}fbiyf8;=:#

8+ Lh Gowzkzvqkocf “Jf Fgglfwkh‒1 lh Gowzkzvqkocf ykgo"cowgf lh jknckzà jfk ]fwgo}k, kl loyo vmmkgko jk kcwfnchyf, whc"zkmkghyf f no}fychyf k mfjflk, f gdf moybhco vch wpfgkf jk Gol"lfnko Fpkwgophlf, bh bhk hmmfybh gdf kl Gollfnko Fpkwgophlfhiikh, kvyf jk}kco, kl pozfyf wvpyfbo cfllh Gdkfwh, f gdf wf dhgfyzk pozfyk lk dh wozzo l‛hvzoykzà wvpyfbh jfl Phph# Xvkcjk, go"bf ]kghyko jk Gykwzo f Phwzoyf jk zvzzo kl nyfnnf, dh kl pozfyfhcgdf wopyh kl Gollfnko Fpkwgophlf# Jkgf hcgdf gdf wolo Pkf"zyo dh ykgf}vzo lh pozfwzà jfllf gdkh}k, owwkh lvk wolo dh klpozfyf wvpyfbo# Bh xvfwzh jozzykch }fccf hzzfcvhzh f hlgvck



84>

zfybkck hbiknvk ykbhwfyo# Jh xvk, lh cfgfwwkzà jk vch “Cozhftplkghzk}h‒#

9+ Xvfwzh “Cozh ftplkghzk}h‒ mv gobvckghzh hk Phjyk goc"gklkhyk jhl Phph, pfy gvk ä moczf hvzfczkgh jk kczfypyfzhqkocfjfllh Gowzkzvqkocf “jf Fgglfwkh‒# Jkgf1 “Gollfnko‒ coc w‛kc"zfcjf kc wfcwo wzyfzzhbfczf nkvykjkgo, gkoä jk vc nyvppo jkfnvhlk, bh kl pozfyf jfk ]fwgo}k ä kcmfykoyf h xvfllo jfl Phph#Kc }kyzû jk vch cfgfwwhykh gobvckocf nfyhygdkgh, “ft chzvyhyfk‒, k ]fwgo}k woco cfgfwwhykhbfczf wvioyjkchzk hl Phph, loyo

Ghpo, kl xvhlf, cfl Gollfnko, gocwfy}h kczfnyo l‛vmmkgko jk ]k"ghyko jk Gykwzo f Phwzoyf jfllh Gdkfwh vck}fywhlf# Xvkcjk, kl po"zfyf jfl Gollfnko Fpkwgophlf wk fwfygkzh wolo yhyhbfczf fcoc dh }hloyf wf coc gol gocwfcwo jfl Phph#

Ä f}kjfczf, pfygkù, gdf kl Gollfnko jfk ]fwgo}k coc dh, kv"yf jk}kco, kl pozfyf wvpyfbo cfllh Gdkfwh, pfy gvk hzzykivkyf lo"yo zhlf pozfyf, ä vch jozzykch bhckmfwzhbfczf mhlwh#

7+ Kl jkwgoywo jk Pholo ]K, jfl 98 co}fbiyf 8;=:, h}"}fyzf fwpyfwwhbfczf gdf pyobvlnh lh Gowzkzvqkocf jonbhzk"gh “jf Fgglfwkh‒, zfcfcjo goczo jfllf wpkfnhqkock jhzf gkyghl‛kczfypyfzhqkocf jh jhyf hk zfybkck vwhzk# Xvkcjk, wf kl Gocgk"lko h}fwwf hzzykivkzo kl pozfyf wvpyfbo jfllh Gdkfwh hcgdfhl Gollfnko jfk ]fwgo}k, whyfiif wzhzh vch jfgkwkocf goc"zyhykh hllh }oloczà jk Nfwû Gykwzo kl ghbikhyf lh Gowzkzv"qkocf jfllh Gdkfwh jh moybh bochygdkgh kc xvfllh gollfnkh"lf5 whyfiif wzhzh goczyhykh hll‛kcwfnchbfczo zyhjkqkochlf f hc"gdf goczyhykh hl ifcf wpkykzvhlf jfk mfjflk, pfygdë h}yfiif yfwopkû jkmmkgklf lh gocwfy}hqkocf jfll‛vckzà jfllh Mfjf#

Gocglvjfcjo, joiikhbo jkyf gdf lh jozzykch jfllh Gollf"nkhlkzà ä mhlwh f goczyhykh hll‛kcwfnchbfczo zyhjkqkochlfjfllh Gdkfwh f gowzkzvkwgf vc }fyo pfykgolo pfy kl Pykbhzojfl Yobhco Poczfmkgf# Zvzzk k Phpk pyfgfjfczk kl ]hzkghcoKK, coc l‛dhcco bhk ykgocowgkvzo xvfl pyfwvczo jkykzzo jfk ]f"wgo}k, hcqk, phyfggdk jk loyo, gobf Pko ]K f Nyfnoyko T]K, loh}f}hco fwplkgkzhbfczf gocjhcchzo#



844

Xvfwzo bk ykgdkhbh Cowzyo Wkncoyf gdf coc dh bhk hi"ihcjochzo lh wvh Gdkfwh, h}fcjo pyobfwwo jk wzhyf goc Fwwh

mkco hllh gocwvbhqkocf jfk wfgolk# F xvhcjo lh ihygh jk Pkf"zyo wzh pfy chvmyhnhyf, Gykwzo kczfy}kfcf hl bobfczo oppoyzv"co pfy whl}hylh jh onck pfykgolo# Ykgoyjkhbo hcgdf xvhcjoPkfzyo ghbbkch}h wvllf hgxvf f h}f}h zkboyf jk hmmocjhyf, Cowzyo Wkncoyf nlk zfcjf lf wvf bhck f lo whl}h bkyhgolowh"bfczf(

Ehyl Yhdcfy f Aowfpd Yhzqkcnfy1 lh “bfczf‒ f kl “iyhggko‒#



84;



8;0

¥Lo wgoc}olnfyf

lf opkckock jk vc popoloä nkogo jkhiolkgo jk vc hcco5kl ykoyjkchylf ä pkhczo jk wfgolkµ#



8;8

GOCGLVWKOCFGOCGLVWKOCF

Kl zfyykiklf jyhbbh gdf l‛vbhckzà kczfyh wzh }k}fcjo ä xvfl"lo jk vch Gdkfwh kczkbhbfczf wpfqqhzh wvl pkhco jfllh Mfjf, jfk Whgyhbfczk, jfk Ykzk, jfllh lfzzvyh jfk Zfwzk Whgyk, jfllhwph}fczowh pyogfllh jfllh Ykmoybh Lkzvynkgh#

Wvl pkhco vbhco f gocgyfzo, gkoä, kl ]hzkghco KK cfl wvohjfnvhbfczo hl bocjo, gok wvok Jogvbfczk Phwzoyhlk, kwpk"yhzk f hjjkykzzvyh gocgoyjhzk goc l‛hlzh bhwwocfykh fiyhkgh

jfl I‛chk I‛ykzd, dh ykccfnhzo, kc pyhzkgh, lh Mfjf kc bhckfyhyhjkghlf, gobf hpphyf wkc zyoppo gdkhyo h gdk wfnvf nlk w}klvp"pk jfl pyogfwwo jk hvzo"jfbolkqkocf jh phyzf jfl ]hzkghco KK#

Lh jkwzyvqkocf jfl ghzzolkgfwkbo wzh hyyk}hcjo, oybhk, hllowzhjko mkchlf# Cvllh ä wzhzo ykwphybkhzo, coc vch wolh Kwzkzv"qkocf, vc wolo Lkiyo Ghcockgo# Gk ä wzhzo jhzo vc cvo}oBfwwhlf, vc cvo}o Poczkmkghlf, vc cvo}o Ykzvhlf, vc cvo"}o Jkykzzo Ghcockgo, vc cvo}o Ghzfgdkwbo, vch cvo}h

Ikiikh, vch cvo}h Ghykzà gykwzkhch wowzkzvkzh jhllh “wolkjh"ykfzà‒# Nyhc phyzf jfllh Nfyhygdkh, onnk, pyophnh onck woyzhjk fyyoyk, nkà gocjhcchzk jhk Gocgklkk f jhllh Bhnkwzyhzvyh



8;9

jfk Wobbk Poczfmkgk, gdf h}f}h wfbpyf gfyghzo, pykbh jk zvz"zo, kl “Yfnco jk Jko f lh wvh Nkvwzkqkh‒#

Jopo kl Gocgklko, lh mfjf jfl mfjflf fyh zhlbfczf wgowwh gdfkl ghyjkchlf Ozzh}khck gdkfjf}h h zvzzk k ]fwgo}k jfl bocjo fhk Wvpfykoyk nfcfyhlk jk Oyjkck f jk Gocnyfnhqkock, jk ykwpoc"jfyf hj vc‛kcgdkfwzh wvl pfykgolo gdf goyyf}hco lf “}fykzàmocjhbfczhlk‒ jfllh cowzyh Mfjf#

K Phpk, pykbh jfl ]hzkghco KK, h}f}hco wfbpyf ykgdkh"bhzo hll‛oyjkcf f hcgdf gocjhcchzo# Kl lkifyhlkwbo ghzzolk"

go mv gocjhcchzo jh Pko KT5 kl bojfyckwbo jh Lfocf TKKK5kl wkllonkwbo, jh Whc Pko T5 kl gobvckwbo jh Pko TK5 kl cfo"bojfyckwbo jh Pko TKK# F nyhqkf h xvfwzh }knklhcqh fpkwgo"phlf, lh Gdkfwh wk gocwolkjù f wk w}klvppù# Lf goc}fywkock jfkphnhck, jfk pyozfwzhczk mvyoco cvbfyowkwwkbf5 l‛fyfwkh fyhkc yozzh f nlk Wzhzk h}f}hco whcgkzo vch lfnkwlhqkocf pkû ghz"zolkgh#

Jopo kl ]hzkghco KK xvfwzh pyfwh jk powkqkocf jfllh Gdkf"

wh mv yfwpkczh f mv wvikzo vch zyhnfjkh bhk wviìzh jhllh Gdkfwh#Kl Gocgklko pfybfzzf}h, oybhk, jk jvikzhyf jfllf }fykzà# Lf goc"wfnvfcqf, pfygkù, mvyoco wfbpyf pkû nyh}k#

K jviik wvllh cfgfwwkzà jfllh Gdkfwh f jfk Whgyhbfczk mf"gfyo wphykyf lf }oghqkock whgfyjozhlk# K jviik wvllh cfgfw"wkzà f lh chzvyh jfllh “goc}fywkocf‒ mv lh yo}kch jfllh wpk"ykzvhlkzà zyhjkqkochlf cfk Co}kqkhzk goc lh wgobphywh jfllf}oghqkock yflknkowf, f kckfzzh}hco l‛kcvzklkzà jfllf bkwwkock# Kjviik wvllh lfnkzzkbkzà jfll‛hvzoykzà f jfll‛oiifjkfcqh, wvlbozk}o jfll‛hvzocobkh jfllh gowgkfcqh, jfllh lkifyzà, wgowwfyozvzzf lf mhlhcnk wogkhlk1 Gdkfwh, wogkfzà yflknkowf, jkogfwk f lfwogkfzà gk}klk, wpfgkf lh mhbknlkh#

K jviik wvllh cfgfwwkzà jfllh Nyhqkh pfy fwwfyf whl}hzk, poyzù lh jkwkwzkbh jfl Ihzzfwkbo, l‛hiihcjoco jfl whgyh"bfczo jfllh pfckzfcqh# K jviik wvllh cfgfwwkzà jfllh Gdkfwh, vckgh moczf jk whl}fqqh, jkwzyvwwfyo l‛hvzoykzà jfl Bhnkwzfyojfllh Gdkfwh, coc pkû “Bhnkwzyh ]fykzhzkw‒(

Zvzzo xvfwzo gk mh pfcwhyf hl bojo jk hnkyf jfllh Yobh ghz"zolkgh, jo}f k gobpyobfwwk wvllh ]fykzà coc fyhco bhk zollfyh"



8;7

zk# Pko KT wowzfcf}h gdf fyh bfnlko vch Jkogfwk }hghczf, pkvzzowzo gdf bfzzfy}k vc ]fwgo}o lkifyhlf, zollfyhczf f

gocgklkhzoyf zyh }fykzà f fyyoyk f zollfyhczf k bhlk bkcoyk pfyjfnlk f}fczvhlk ifck bhnnkoyk#Lh Yobh ghzzolkgh fyh ghyhzzfykqqhzh jhllh mfybfqqh f poc"

jfyhzfqqh cfllf jkwpowkqkock# Cvllh fyh lhwgkhzo hl ghwo# Kl ]h"zkghco KK, kc}fgf, gfygù jk kbpfjkyf vc ykzoyco hllo “wzhzvxvo hczf‒, owwkh hl ykzoyco jfllh Yobh jfnlk Hpowzolk f hllhYobh Bhjyf f nvkjh jfk gyfjfczk#

Kc}fgf, ikwonch pyopyko zoychyf kcjkfzyo( Ikwonch gdf

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