Editoria Verde e Comunicazione Ambientale in Italia Dalle Prime Riviste Alle Edizioni on Line

7/23/2019 Editoria Verde e Comunicazione Ambientale in Italia Dalle Prime Riviste Alle Edizioni on Line

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]K@YM\^@XD' HMGE@ ^X]H@ H@ \AODXA\ YM\GDXD

IDNAEXD' H@ EMXXM\M M I@EAÂI@DNA\Â H@ ED]\MD ^VMN@DE@^X@ND @K

Mh`xa|`d% Nao}k`ndzàkm O}exòmh`dem m Gà|kde`~oa

XM^@ @KMnakao`d m gm~xàkm hmeem òv|m~m mh`xa|`de`

Mh`xa|`d ym|hm

m nao}k`ndzàkm dol`mkxdem `k @xde`d:

hdeem v|òm |`y`~xm deem mh`zàk` ak e`km

\medx|`nm:

Nb`d|+od V|ai+~~d E}`~d Ndvmee` Ed}|mdkhd: @ed|`d ^g|

Na||medx|`nm: Odx|+ 64


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T}dkha dy|mxm dlldxx}xa

e'}exòa delm|a%

t}dkha dy|mxm vm~ndxa

e'}exòa vm~nm%

t}dkha dy|mxm `kt}`kdxa

e'}exòa i`}om%

deea|d y` dnna|gm|mxmnbm kak ~` v} odkg`d|m è hmkd|a+

Xd/ Xdkcd @/ Paxdkc "Xa|a ^mh}xa)

D nb` n' ~xdxa%d nb` n'

m d nb` n` ~d|+


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v+ 0 @kx|ah}zàkm

4= Ndv`xaea v|òa@e nakxm~xa ~xa|`na mh mh`xa|`dem `k n}` ~` `k~n|`ym ed

t}m~xàkm dol`mkxdem

40 4+4+ V|me}h` mh`xa|`de` dee'`kxm|m~~m dol`mkxdem "4066/40=0)


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9

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2

>4< Nakne}~`ak`

>40 Dvvmkh`nm

>>7 L`le`ag|di`d

>8> ^`xag|di`d


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@KX\AH]Z@AKM 0

@kx|ah}zàkm

Ed hìi`naex |`~nakx|dxd kmeed ~xm~}|d h` t}m~xa edya|a ea~vmnnbà h` }kd |mdex nak ed t}dem n` |`x|ay`doa d naky`ym|mt}ax`h`dkdomkxm: e`l|` hdxdx`% |`y`~xm hdeem naeeandzàk``kx|aydlè` a `||dgg`}kg`lè`% `kia|odzàk` |`nnbm odi|doomkxd|`m v|aymk`mkx` hd yaedkx`k`% l|anb}|m% ~`x` `kxm|kmx mnaeeat}` `kia|ode` nak dvvd~~àkdx` hmee'd|gaomkxa+ @e |`~}exdxayae}xdomkxm |ìemxxm t}m~xd hìi`naex% vm| d`}xd|m d naov|mkhm|mt}dkxa dkna|d agg` ~`d hìi`nèm na~x|}`|m }k'dkde`~` v|mn`~d~}ee'`kxm|m~~m deed t}m~xàkm dol`mkxdem kmee'mh`xa|`d `xde`dkd+

Vm| t}dkxa dxx}deomkxm agk` ndova hmeed nao}k`ndzàkm "naomhòa~x|d è t}d|xa ndv`xaea h` t}m~xa edya|a) ~` òvmgk` dia|k`|m è v|av|à nakx|`l}xa% dkna|d kak dlld~xdkzd+

Kme ka~x|a vdm~m kak ~` v} vd|ed|m xmnk`ndomkxm h`mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem% `k t}dkxa kak m~`~xm d |`g}d|ha }kdx|dh`zàkm k xdkxaomka }kd han}omkxdzàkm idnèomkxm|`kx|dnn`dlèm kme nd~a ~` ia~~m `kxmkzàkdx` d yaem|ed n|md|m mrkaya+ ^` va~~aka x|ayd|m m~mov` ~vd|~` km` h`ym|~` dol`x`nao}k`ndx`y`% ~vm~~a ~` x|dxxd h` x|`l}x` ~m|`domkxm `kxm|m~~dx`nbm x|aydka% d yaexm% dknbm }k h`~n|mxa ~mg}`xa3 kmeed odggà|vd|xm hm` nd~`% v}|x|avva% ~m n` ~` yaem~~m òldxxm|m `k }kdt}de~`d~` |`nm|nd ~}ee'd|gaomkxa% n` |`x|ay`doa h` i|akxm d }ka~nmkd|à hm~aedxa m d h`| vana òld|dzzdkxm+ \`~vmxxa devd~~dxa% l`~agkd nao}kt}m |mkhm|m nakxa hme n|m~nmkxm`kxm|m~~domkxa hmee'mh`xa|`d m hmee'dol`xa omh`dx`na `k gmkm|dem


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46 MH@XA\@D YM\HM MNAO]K@NDZ@AKMDOL@MKXDEM@K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AK/E@KM

deem t}m~xàk` h` ~a~xmk`lè`x dol`mkxdem m deem v|alemodx`nbmnakkm~~m: ~` vmk~` ~aexdkxa d x}xxm em nd~m mh`x|`n`% hdeem v` kaxmdeem v` ~naka~n`}xm% nbm bdkka hmh`ndxa hmeem naeedkmdee'd|gaomkxa+ Dknbm è gà|kde`~oa "d ~xdovd% |dhàxmemy`~`ya%~} wml)% ~` hòa~x|d dxxmkxa deem v|alemodx`nbm nbm n`|`g}d|hdka a|od` hd ~mov|m v` y`n`ka3 ~` oaex`ve`ndka d|x`nae`%odgdz`km m leag d ~iakha dol`mkxdem+ Hìi}~` m `k nakx`k}dm~vdk~àkm% ~aka oaex`~~ò` mymkx` d nd|dxxm|m mna/~a~xmk`lèm%nbm ydkka hdee'a|gdk`zzdzàkm h` i`m|m i`ka deed n|mdzàkm h`dvva~`x` ~vdz` }|ldk` km` t}de` va~~`lèm |`nmym|m}k'`kia|odzàkm dhmg}dxd m ndvèed|m ~} x}xxa n` nbm |`g}d|hded ~a~xmk`lè`x+ ^` |mg`~x|d }k odggà|m òvmgka m `kxm|m~~m

dknbm kmee'dol`xa `~x`x}zàkdem% kaknb kmee'dol`xa hmeedia|odzàkm }k`ym|~`xd|`d m v|aim~~àkdem: x}xx` ~mgkde` nbm idkka~vm|d|m kak ~aea `k }k ndol`domkxa h` |axxd% od dknbm `k }kdkmnm~~d|`d m dhmg}dxd v|mvd|dzàkm hd ia|k`|m d nb`}kt}mhmn`hd h` yaem|m `kx|dv|mkhm|m }k om~x`m|m ~a~xmk`l em+ @et}dh|a `xde dka h` hìi`nèm hme`kmdomkxa: e' ovmgka h``~x`x}zàk`% }k`ym|~`x% ~xdovd m nd~m mh`x|`n` `k vd|x`naed|mnao`kn`d d id|~` ~x|dhd `k }k od|m h` nao}km `khìim|mkzd m%

~vm~~a m yaemkx`m|`% `gka|dkzd ~}ee'd|gaomkxa+ N` nbm ndv`xdv` i|mt}mkxmomkxm kak ed odkndkzd h` `k`z`dx`ym m!av|ava~xm% lmk~ ed ~nd|~d vd|xmn`vdzàkm avv}|m ed ea|a vd|z`demdvve`ndzàkm "~mllmkm `k xma|`d hòa~x|`ka }k òvmgka m }kd~x|}xx}|d a|gdk`zzdx`yd `kmnnmv`lè`)+ Ed ea|a }xè`x m~`~xm m v}m~~m|m |`ky`ga|`xd nak }k ndolà h` omkxde`x h` x}xxm em vd|x` `kgàna: }kd mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem va~~`lèm ~m hdvv|òd


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@KX\AH]Z@AKM 44

}k'`~x`x}zàkm gaym|kdx`yd ~` òvmgkd ~m|`domkxm d mh}nd|m `~}a` n`xxdh`k` x|do`xm ` v|av|` ndkde` h` `kia|odzàkm m`~x|}zàkm+ T}m~x`% d ea|a yaexd% ~d|dkka ndvdn` h` ~mk~`lè`zzd|modggà|omkxm "dknbm x|do xm mymkx`% odkìm~xdzàk` mnn+)omkx` g` dvm|xm mh mh}ndxm de |`~vmxxa m deed x}xmedhmee'dol`mkxm% kaknb de ~}a ~yè}vva ~a~xmk`lèm vm| my`xd|m% `k}k vdm~m vana dyymzza deem kay`x naom è ka~x|a% h` m~~m|mxdnn`dx` h` vdzz`d dymkha yae}xa x|dxxd|m }k d|gaomkxa nak na~vana ~mg}`xa "`kymnm h` m~~m|m% odgd|`% nak~`hm|dx` naomvàk`m|` ~mov|m vm| ea ~xm~~a oax`ya)+ L`~agkd dknbm ~dvm|v|anmhm|m vm| v`nnae` vd~~`% ~mg}mkha è na|~a kdx}|dem hmge`mymkx` m vd|x`|m `kkdkz`x}xxa hd n` nbm g` ~` va~~`mhm: ~`x|dxxm|% `k t}m~xa nd~a% h` xmkxd|m }kd |à|gdk`zzdzàkm hme

odxm|`dem nbm |`g}d|hd e' kxm|m~~domkxa hmee'mh`xa|`d deemxmodx`nbm dol`mkxde` kaknb hmeem dex|m d|mm h` nao}k`ndzàkm+@k t}m~xa edya|a ~` nm|ndxa h` hme`kmd|m }kd ~a|xd h` ~xa|`d

hmee'mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem% |mkhmkha aodggà deem vanb`~~òmnd~m mh`x|`n` ~vmn`de`zzdxm `k t}m~x ak` dol`mkxde` m d`v|ò`~~ò` nakx|`l}x` |`~nakx|dx` `k dex|` dol`x` hmeednao}k`ndzàkm+ T}meea nbm ~` nm|nbm| h}kt}m h` id|m% ~d|v|ayd|m d x|dnn`d|m% x|do`xm den}k` xm~x` iakhdomkxde` vm| }kdn}ex}|d dol`mkxdem h` ld~m% }kd ~a|xd h` mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem a%t}dkxaomka% h` }k v|aeìm|d|m h` `kxm|m~~m mh`xa|`dem~}ee'd|gaomkxa d vd|x`|m hdeed i`km hmge` dkk` ^m~~dkxd i`ka v` aomka d` gà|k` ka~x|`% nak t}denbm dnnmkka d` v|ò` xmkxdx`y`~xa|`n` h` `kxm|m~~m kdx}|de`~x`na dge` `k`z` hme ~mnaea ~na|~a+

@e v| oa m è ~mnakha ndv xaea vd|xaka hd }k edya|av|mnmhmkxmomkxm ~yaexa hde gà|kde`~xd Mhgd| Bmeo}x Ompm| `k


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@KX\AH]Z@AKM 4>

Nd~~`kd Dkkd: t}m~xd |dnnage`m ` e`l|` ld~èd|` vm| }kd n}ex}|d~}eed t}m~xàkm dol`mkxdem m% v|aldlèomkxm% e'}k`nd kme ~}agmkm|m `k @xde`d+

@e xm|za ndv`xaea v|avakm }k t}dh|a gmkm|dem hmei}kzàkdomkxa hmeed iè`m|d mh`xa|`dem ned~~`nd m hm`ndol`domkx` nbm m~~d bd hay}xa dii|akxd|m kme ~}a `knakx|anak e'm|d h`g`xdem: }k'`kx|ah}zàkm dee'd|gaomkxa vm| omgeànaov|mkhm|m è i}kzàkdomkxa hmeem nd~m mh`x|`n` ~vmn`de`zzdxm`k dol`mkxm dkde`zzdxm kme ndv`xaea+ ]k annbà h` |`g}d|hay`mkm hmh`ndxa deed nd~d mh`x|`nm Mh`zàk` Dol`mkxm% ed t}dem|dvv|m~mkxd è vm|imxxa m ndezdkxm m~movà h` n` nbm ~` `kxmkhmt}dkha ~` vd|ed h` mh`xa|`d ~vmn`de`zzdxd `k t}m~xàk`dol`mkxde` m v|alemodx`nbm nakkm~~m dee'dol`mkxm+ @ki`km

y`mkm |`yaexd }kd |ìem~~àkm ~}eed hìim|mkzd x|d e'@xde`d m è |m~xahme nakx`kmkxm m}|avma% v|mkhmkha `k nak~`hm|dzàkm ~aea t}m`vdm~` nbm bdkka }k ~`~xmod mh`xa|`dem dii`km d t}meea `xde`dka+Ymkgaka memkndxm m dkde`zzdxm em v|`kn`vde` nd~m mh`x|`n`~vmn`de`zzdxm `k t}m~xàk` dol`mkxde`% nak v`nnae` dnnmkk` dhdex|m v` v`nnaem `knmkx|dxm ~} d|gaomkx kak ~x|mxxdomkxmdol`mkxde` od nao}kt}m dii`k` deed ~a~xmk`lè`x+

@e t}d|xa m }exòa ndv`xaea v|mkhm `k nak~`hm|dzàkm }kvm|àha ~xa|`na hìim|mkxm |`~vmxxa de v|òa ndv`xaea: ~` vd|xmhdge` `k`z` hmge` dkk` Kaydkxd vm| i`k`|m t}d~` d` gà|k` ka~x|`%~deya t}denbm |d|`~~òa nmkka de vd~~dxa+ @e oax`ya |`g}d|hd~move`nmomkxm ed xd|h`yd v|m~d h` na~n`mkzd hd vd|xm hm`ndov` hmeed nao}k`ndzàkm m hmee'`kia|odzàkm |`~vmxxa dendova mh`xa|`dem+ T}m~xa ndv`xaea bd è naov`xa h` hòa~x|d|mnaom `k @xde`d e'`kxm|m~~m km` naki|akx` hmeem xmodx`nbm


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48 MH@XA\@D YM\HM MNAO]K@NDZ@AKMDOL@MKXDEM@K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AK/E@KM

dol`mkxde` ~`d ~a|xa `k ~mxxa|` hmeed nao}k`ndzàkm kakv|av|`domkxm hmv}xdx` deed x|dxxdzàkm h` d|gaomkx`~}ee'dol`mkxm m ed ~}d ~a~xmk`lè`x+ @e n`kmod% ed xmemy`~àkm% èxmdx|a ~aka omh`d nbm bdkka yae}xa v|m~xd|m ed v|av|`ddxxmkzàkm d }k vdx|òakà naeemxx`ya `k ~m|` v|alemo` h`hmyd~xdzàkm% kak ~aea dxx|dym|~a e'meagà hmeem ~}m lmeemzzm m edh`y}egdzàkm ~n`mkxì`nd d ~nava `kia|odx`ya% od dknbm x|do`xm`knb`m~xm m hmk}knm ~}ge` ~nmov` nbm e'bdkka y`~xa v|axdgak`~xd~mkzd va~~`lè`x h` ~nmexd+ E'òva|xdkzd h` mh}nd|m de |`~vmxxa mdeed x}xmed hmee'dol`mkxm }kd hmeem oaeem v|`kn`vde` nbm bdidxxa ~ndxxd|m e'òv}e~a ym|~a ed n|mdzàkm h` }kd na~n`mkzdn`y`nd m im||dxd ~}ee'd|gaomkxa+ Ym||dkka n`xdx` dknbm `

nakx|`l}x` `k dol`xa vae`x`na m `k dol`xa i`m|`~x`na% ge` mymkx` mem `k`z`dx`ym h` nd|dxxm|m ~a~xmk`lèm nbm nakx`k}dka d kd~nm|m moaex`ve`nd|~` `k agk` dkgaea hmeed vmk`~aed+ @k om| xa deemd~~an`dzàk` dol`mkxde`~xm m d` ~`x` `kxm|kmx hmh`ndx`dee'd|gaomkxa dol`mkxdem% ~` ~nmexa h` n`xd|m ~aea t}mee`~xa|`ndomkxm v` `kn`~`y` m dxx}deomkxm v` òva|xdkx`+


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED 4=T]M^X@AKMDOL@MKXDEM

Ndv`xaea v|òa

@e nakxm~xa ~xa|`na mh mh`xa|`dem `k n}` ~` `k~n|`ym edt}m~xàkm dol`mkxdem

Vd|ed|m h` mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem agg` dkna|d vd|mnnbàhìi`nèm+ Kaka~xdkxm e'`kxm|m~~m deed t}m~xàkm dol`mkxdem ~`dh`ymkxdxa ia|xmomkxm vm|yd~`ya% kak m~`~xm }kd l|dkndhmee'mh`xa|`d nbm ~`d h` |}aea+ M~`~xaka vanb`~~òm nd~mmh`x|`n` ~vmn`de`zzdxm ~}ee'd|gaomkxa% ed odggà| vd|xm hmeemyaexm t}m~xm bdkka naeedkm dh m~~a hmh`ndxm m ~vm~~a m

yaemkx`m|` ` nakx|`l}x` ~aka ndxdeagdx` ~axxa ed ndxmga|`d~n`mkxì`nd% t}meed h` kdx}|d m vdm~dggà% h` mnaeag`d% h` ~xa|`dhmee'dol`mkxde`~oa% h` `knb`m~xd m y`d h`nmkha+ Vm| e'òva|xdkzdnbm è xmod hmeed ~a~xmk`lè`x dol`mkxdem ~xd d~~}omkha `kt}m~x` }exò` t}d|dkx'dkk`% e' ~x x}zàkm h` }kd mh`xa|`ddol`mkxdem ia|~m ~d|mllm h'alle`ga+ âea vanb`~~ò`%mh`xa|`deomkxm vd|edkha% ea bdkka idxxa m dex|mxxdkx` vanb` dex|`bdkka nm|ndxa h` |`na~x|}`|m ved}~`lè` ~xa|`m h` mh`xa|`m

dol`mkxde`+ @k t}m~xa ndv`xaea ~` vd|xm hdge` ~ia|z`v|mnmhmkxmomkxm naov`}x` hd t}m~x` dex|`% n`xdkha `han}omkx` nbm nakna||aka d n|md|m }kd ~xa|`d h` xdem mh`xa|`ddol`mkxdem% hd` vàk`m|` d` v` òva|xdkx` nakx|`l}x` kmevm|àha ~xa|`na h` odggà|m `kxm|m~~m vm| t}m~xa edya|a+E'dxxmkzàkm dee'dol`mkxm kak ~x|mxxdomkxm m~xmx`nd% lmk~ hdev}kxa h` y`~xd hmeed ~deydg}d|h`d% kd~nm ym|~a ed i`km hmge` dkk`^m~~dkxd% vm|àha h` nakxm~xdzàk` ~an`de` h` agk` x`va: y`mkm


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49 MH@XA\@D YM\HM M NAO]K@NDZ@AKM DOL@MKXDEM @K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AK/E@KM

v|m~mkxdxa `k t}m~xa edya|a }k v`nnaea t}dh|a ~xa|`na/vae`x`nah` t}mge` dkk` "v|mn`~domkxm hdge` dkk` ^m~~dkxd d` v|ò`~~ò`dkk` ^mxxdkxd)% vm| idnè`xd|m ed naov|mk~àkm hme nakxm~xa `k n}`kd~nm t}m~xa k}aya x`va h` `kxm|m~~m ym|~a e'dol`mkxm+ @evm|àha ~xa|`na/mh`xa|`dem x|dxxdxa v|anmhm `kymnm i`ka deed i`kmhmge` dkk` Kaydkxd% nak }k l|mym nmkka d t}meea hmeed v|òdomx hme ~mnaea `k t}dkxa òva|xdkxm nakxm~x}de`zzd|m dknbm `v|ò`~~ò` "m |d|`~~ò`) d|x`nae` m e`l|` h` hmk}kn`d h` ~nmov`dol`mkxde` "nbm ~d|dkka `kym~x`gdx` kme ndv`xaea ~}nnm~~`ya)+

`kmy`xdlèm `k t}m~xa dol`xa e' kx|mnnà nak ed ~xa|`dhmee'dol`mkxde`~oa `xde`dka `k t}dkxa% dkna|d agg`% |dvv|m~mkxded |`nm|nd v` yd~xd m dnn}|dxd ~}e xmod dol`mkxdem+ Od dknbm

t}` kak ~`doa m~mkx` hd hìi`naex: naom Gà|gà Kmll`d "`kOmpm| 400=% vv+ 44/4


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED 47T]M^X@AKMDOL@MKXDEM

ià|mkxm v|ah}zàkm% ~` v} h`|m nak nm|xmzzd nbm ed hmi`k`zàkmh` `xde`dkd h` naoaha% `k t}dkxa m~~d bd |`g}d|hdxa den}k`nmkx|` `k vd|x`naed|m "Oèdka% Xa|`ka% I`|mkzm% \aod od dknbm%`k }k ~mnakha oaomkxa% Kdvae` m Ld|`) m ~aexdkxa |mnmkxmomkxmx}xxa e'`kxm|a ~x`ydem+ T}m~xa v|aldlèomkxm vm|nb dknbm edhmi`k`zàkm ~xm~~d h` vavaea `xde`dka m h` n}ex}|d `xde`dkd%bd ~xmkxdxa d ia|od|~` }kìa|omomkxm% va`nb t}m~xa vdm~m ~`v|m~mkxdyd idxxa h` oaexmve`n` n}ex}|m m vavaedzàk`%|dgg|}vvdxa `k i|mxxd m `k i}|`d hd }k'ae`gd|nb`d gaym|kdkxm nbmdymyd e'`kxm|m~~m h` v|an}|d|~` }kd kdzàkm x}xxd v|av|`d ~}eedt}dem m~xmkhm|m è v|av|à hao`kà+ M~xmkhm|m xdem n}ex}|daoagmkmd d v|m~n`khm|m hd` hìim|mkx` }~`% na~x}o`% x|dh`zàk`%

od ~av|dxx}xxa d v|m~n`khm|m hd` h`ym|~` `hào` vd|edx`+E'`xde`dka kak vaxmyd h` nm|xa m~~m|m nak~`hm|dxd ed e`kg}d nbmdnnao}kdyd x}xx`% ~av|dxx}xxa kmeem |mgàk` om|`hàkde` e'}xè`zzah` ia|om h`demxxde` |dvv|m~mkxdyd ed t}ax`h`dk`x m% odeg|dhae'`kxmkxa odzz`k`dka hme idxxd e'@xde`d% dhm~~a idnn`doa ge`@xde`dk`% t}m~xa kak vd|~a m~~m|m ~xdxa }k al`mxx`ya h` idnèmdxx}dzàkm+ ^` nm|ndyd h` na~x|}`|m }k'`hmkx`x kdzàkdem dknbmx|do`xm ed emxxm|dx}|d nbm ymkkm% vm| e'annd~àkm% `kymkxdxd hd

G`}~mvvm Hm ^dkx`~3 è v|alemod h` `kymkxd|m t}m~xdx|dh`zàkm n}ex}|dem i} dii|akxdxa% x|d ge` dex|`% hdee'`kxmeemxx}demna~oavae xd Dem~~dkh|a Odkzak` è t}dem ~` d}xa/naoo`~~àkkak ~aea ed na~x|}zàkm h` }kd e`kg}d kdzàkdem oahm|kd mnakh`y`~d% od ~av|dxx}xxa ed n|mdzàkm h` }k |aodkza kdzàkdemvavaed|m: ` V|aom~~` ~va~`+ Naom n` |`na|hd \d}e Oa|hmkx` ~`x|dxxdyd h`


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]k'avm|dzàkm vae`x`na/n}ex}|dem g|dkhà~d ") m x}xxdy`davm|dzàkm ~aea vd|z`deomkxm y`xxa|à~d+ ") l`~agkd x}xxdy`ddoomxxm|m nbm ed kd~nmkxm nao}k`x kdzàkdem kak ~` vaxmyd|`naka~nm|m x}xxd `kxm|d% m ~mkzd |m~`h}`% `k t}me |aodkza:

`k~aood kak vaxmyd m~~m|m kmvv}|m è |aodkza h` Odkzakè'avm|d iakhdx`yd hmeed kdzàkm `xde`dkd "Oa|hmkx`


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m~~m|m dvve`ndxd de ndova mh`xa|`dem `k t}dkxa t}m~xa% kmeed ~}dyd~x`x% bd `kgealdxa x}xx` ` nakx|`l}x` deed t}m~xàkm dol`mkxdem%kak naknmkx|dkha~` ~}eed kd~n`xd h` }kd mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdemnaom ièakm d ~ ~xdkxm: naom ~m e'mh`xa|`d dym~~m odkndxa h`nak~`hm|d|m ` vd|x`naed|`~o` v|m~mkx` de ~}a `kxm|ka+ T}m~xavax|mllm |dvv|m~mkxd|m }k al`mxx`ya vm| è i}x}|a+

4+4+ V|me}h` mh`xa|`de` dee'`kxm|m~~m dol`mkxdem "4066/40=0)

Hdeed kd~n`xd hmeea ^xdxa @xde`dka e'mh`xa|`d `xde`dkd ~`nd|dxxm|`zzd naom }k ndova |`nna m h`ym|~ì`ndxa% `k n}` ~aka

v|m~mkx` den}km i`g}|m/nb`dym naom mh`xa|` `kxa|ka d` t}de`|}axdka v|ah}zàk` m h`~x|`l}zàk` h`ym|~m vm| agk` x`va h`v}lle`na "hde |aodkza ~xa|`na deed emxxm|dx}|d ~x|dk`m|d%vd~~dkha vm| ` xm~x` h` `kia|odzàkm xmnk`na/~n`mkxì`nd)+ I`g}|mnaom t}meem h` X|mym~ m Bamve` |dvv|m~mkxdydka }kd g|a~~d~v`kxd vm| è om|ndxa mh`xa|`dem% ~`d hd }k v}kxa h` y`~xdt}de`xdx`ya nbm t}dkx`xdx`ya+ @e ~mnaea ~na|~a ~` dv|`yd nak }kdv|aiakhd n|`~` emxxm|d|`d `kxm~d naom ndh}xd h` v|ah}zàkm m

h`~gmea h` }kd ~m|`m h` gmkm|`3 v|m~mkxm h` vd|` vd~~a d }kd n|`~`hme nakxm~xa ~an`dem nbm o}xdyd de ~}a `kxm|ka+ ^` diim|odydkak}ay` ndkde` nao}k`ndx`y`% è ~`~xmod `kia|odx`ya h`ymkxdyd ènmkx|a hmeed n}ex}|d hme xmova m h`ymk`yd ~mov|m v` nb`d|de'òva|xdkzd nbm xmkhmyd dh d~~}om|m ed nao}k`ndzàkm "h`xm~x` ~n|`xx`) naom nak~}oa "\dgakm 4000)+ @e v}lle`nan|m~nmyd m ~` h`ym|~ì`ndyd% ~mllmkm ~` vd|ed~~m hme v}lle`na


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED 6 è nakxm~xa mh`xa|`dem gmkm|dem nakxd oaex`v` x`xae` v}lle`ndx`% od d~~`~xm de hmne`ka h` den}km g|dkh` nd~mmh`x|`n` hmee'mvand m dee'd~nm~d h` den}k` kao` hme nde`l|a h`Laov`dk`% M`kd}h` m \`zzae`+ @e id~n`~oa nakx`k}d dh dym|m }k|}aea hmxm|o`kdkxm km` naki|akx` h` t}m~xa om|ndxa: ~` hìiakhm

e'mh`xa|`d h` `~v`|dzàkm ndxxae`nd% ~` eaxxd na~xdkxmomkxm nak ednmk~}|d òva~xd hde |mgòm m ~` vm|vmx}d e'`kxmkzàkm hmeedn}ex}|d `xde`dkd nao}km+ @e hm~x`kdxd|à h` t}m~xa v|agmxxa

}k `kh`y`h}a ~aea% v}|m ~m ~` x|ayd kmeed od~~d |dh}kdxd% hì|akxm de v}kxa h` y`~xd }k`na: t}me ~`~xmod m|d idxxa h` nah`nàoaeagb`% h` vd|dh`go` nao}k`ndx`y` nbm va~x}edydka mo`xxmkx``hmkx`n` m hm~x`kdxd|` òodg`kdx naom mkx x aoagmkmm% kak


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED T]M^X@AKMDOL@MKXDEM

}k`nd% ~av|dxx}xxa kmeed nao}k`ndzàkm a|dem+ Km` v|ag|doo`n}ex}|de` hmeed kmakdxd |m~`~xmkzd ymk`ydka v|`yèmg`dxm ia|om h`nao}k`ndzàkm naom ed |`y`~xd3 ~m de Ka|h ed xmkhmkzd m|d ym|~ae'}k`x de ^}h% ann}vdxa hdeem X|}vvm Deemdxm% }kd ~m|`m h`v`nnae` mh`xa|` ~` a|gdk`zzd|aka vm| n|md|m }k'mh`xa|`d h` x`va~mo`/gà|kde`~x`na `k n}` ` e`l|` haymydka nakx|`l}`|m deedhìi}~àkm hmeed e`lm|x h'av`kàkm i`kdeomkxm va~~`lèm havadkk` h` nmk~}|d hme |mgòm+ Hava ed g}m||d è nakxm~xa m|dv|aiakhdomkxm ndol`dxa% è |`xa|ka d` vd|x`naed|`~o` vavaed|` m|mgàkde` òvdzzdyd xdkxa t}dkxa em oahm h'aex|m anmdka%n|m~nmyd ed |`nb`m~xd h` xm~x` ~n|`xx`3 dkhdyd% `kaex|m% n|mdkha~`}k v}lle`na h` od~~d `k nakx|dvva~`zàkm de t}dem ~` vakmydka

ge` `kxmeemxx}de` h` ~`k`~x|d m ` ndxxae`n` nbm |òdkmydka im|o` `kva~`zàk` v` d||mx|dxm m n|`x`nbm km` naki|akx` hmeem kay`x`kndezdkx`+ @e nak~ae`hdomkxa hmeed |`v|m~d hme om|ndxamh`xa|`dem nao}kt}m dyymkkm% ~av|dxx}xxa hdxd ed kd~n`xd h` dex|`mh`xa|` òva|xdkx` m h` naeedkm mh`xa|`de` v|akxm d h`ymkxd|maggmxxa h` ed|ga nak~}oa+ âka ge` dkk` `k n}` Mh`xa|` \`}k`x`%è O}e`ka% Imex|`kmee` "g`}~xa vm| n`xd|km den}k`) ~` diim|od|akakme nakxm~xa mh`xa|`dem vm| |òdkm|n` i`ka d` gà|k` ka~x|`+ Kmge`

dkk` N`kt}dkxd em n}ex}|m |mgàkde` m h` v|ay`kn`d nao`kn`dka d~naovd|`|m% ~` diim|od }kd xmkhmkzd a|`mkxdxd dee'aoagmkm`x+Ed kd||dx`yd ~x|dk`m|d% ed ~dgg`~x`nd% e'mh`xa|`d ~n`mkxì`nd m `|aodkz` m|dka ` gmkm|` v` ymkh}x`% `k t}dkxa |`~vakhmydkaodggà|omkxm d` g}~x` hme v}lle`na `xde`dka+ E'mh`xa|`d h`n}ex}|d y`ymyd }kd g|dkhm |`yae}zàkm m ed v|ah}zàkmmh`xa|`dem `k gmkm|dem i} xdeomkxm v|a~vm|d nbm ~` vmk~ d k}ay`


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>6 MH@XA\@D YM\HM M NAO]K@NDZ@AKM DOL@MKXDEM @K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AK/E@KM

hmeem |ìa|om hd xmova v|aom~~m hde gaym|ka "~mllmkm t}denbmv`nnaea ~}nnm~~a `k om|`xa m|d ~xdxa axxmk}xa)+ X|d è 4074 m è407> hdee'dxxdnna ~` vd~~ deed hìm~d vm| è odkxmkòmkxa hm`h`|`xx axxmk}x`% kaka~xdkxm em eaxxm nakx`k}d|aka d òvm|ym|~d|m"od va|xm|dkka% `k den}k` nd~`% dh dex|m y`xxa|`m ~av|dxx}xxa `kdol`xa nakx|dxx}dem)+ Dknbm è Omzzagà|ka% ~mllmkm `kodk`m|d omka `kn`~`yd hme Nmkx|a m hme Ka|h% nakx|`l} nak emv|av|`m eaxxm d ~a~xmkm|m è oayòmkxa+ Ge` avm|d` `k Om|`hàkmm|dka vanb`% vm|n` oaexm |`yaexm ~` na~x x}`|aka kmeemndovdgkm3 ed odggà| vd|xm hmeed ia|zd edya|a m|d mo`g|dxd deNmkx|a/Ka|h m dee'm~xm|a+ Ed h`~ann}vdzàkm n|m~nmyd% ema|gdk`zzdzàk` n|ò`kde` ~` ~a~x`x}`ydka d }ka ^xdxa d~~mkxm m em

eaxxm ednm|dydka è ^}h de ~}a `kxm|ka+ Ed eaxxd v` ~`gkì`ndx`ydi} t}meed% kme 4076% h` \mggà Ndedl|`d nbm y`hm Ndxdkzd|ah`ymkxd|m ndvae}aga h` |mgàkm% kaka~xdkxm em v|aom~~m idxxm `kom|`xa+ Nao`kn`d|aka gà|k` h` ~nàvm|a% h` v|m~`h`% h` ~nakx|`nak ed vae`z`d nbm ed ~`k`~x|d nakhdkkdyd m nbm ed hm~x|ddvvagg`dyd+ @e gaym|ka |mdg naknmhmkha d \mggà Ndedl|`d ed~mhm hmee'D~~molemd |mgàkdem m dkk}kn` ed na~x|}zàkm hmeva|xa h` Gà`d Xd}|a vm| ayy`d|m `k vd|xm de v|alemod hmeed

h`~ann}vdzàkm+ Ed v`dkd h` Gà`d Xd}|a% }k'òomk~d m |`nndh`~xm~d h` dg|}omx` m ae`ymx` i} t}d~` naovemxdomkxm ~v`dkdxdvm| m|`gm|m% de ~}a va~xa% }k va|xa h` v|òd g|dkhmzzd "v+ 8=0)+

]k va' hdvvm|x}xxa `k t}m~xa vm|àha ~a|~m|a g|}vv` nbmnakxm~xdydka ed gm~xàkm hme vaxm|m% ed h`~x|`l}zàkm hmeem|`~a|~m m ` |dvva|x` h` ned~~m m~`~xmkx`: vm| ed v|òd yaexd ymkkmom~~a `k h`~n}~~àkm è oah}~ avm|dkh` h` k}om|a~` ~mxxa|`


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED >4T]M^X@AKMDOL@MKXDEM

hmee'dvvd|dxa ~xdxdem+ Kmge` ~xm~~` dkk` kdnt}m|a em v|òmd~~an`dzàk` dol`mkxde`~xm% ` v|ò` vd|x`x` vae`x`n` ym|h` `kM}|avd m% h` nak~mg}mkzd% x}xx` ` omzz` h` nao}k`ndzàkm"~av|dxx}xxa gà|kde`% |`y`~xm m xm~x`)% nao`kn`d|aka d hmh`nd|m~mov|m v` ~vdzà dge` d|gaomkx` |`g}d|hdkx` e'dol`mkxm% kak~aea `k nb`dym h`y}egdx`yd od dknbm m% ~av|dxx}xxa% `k nb`dym h`hmk}kn`d+ @ g|}vv` |`yae}zàkd|` va|~m|a e'dxxmkzàkm ~} h}mv}kx` v|`kn`vde`% od` xanndx` `k v|mnmhmkzd: e'm~m|n`xa m emnd|nm|`% vm| ed vm~~òd nakh`zàkm `k n}` ym|~dydka nd~m|om mnmeem ~ay|diiaeedxm+ Ed na~n`mkzd ~an`dem ~` ~ymge`dyd d e`ymeeagmkm|dem m ed v|ayd i} è idxxa nbm v|av|à kmeed ~an`mx n`yèm% mkak kmeem `~x`x}zàk` v}lle`nbm% ~` hìi}~m|a v` |dv`hdomkxm

dexm|kdx`ym |dh`nde`:om|ndx`% d~è` ") nmkx|` ~an`de` |a~~`% ymkkm|a dvm|x` "m ~vm~~anb`}~`) `k nakx`k}dzàkm+ Ea|a al`mxx`ya m|d h` a|gdk`zzd|m ed y`xd~an`dem ~mnakha k}aym oahde`x% o`|dkx` kak ~aea d naoldxxm|me'`kh`y`h}de`~oa m ed i|doomkxdzàkm hmeed ~an`mx oahm|kd% oddknbm d |aovm|m è g}~nà hmeed ymnnb`d n}ex}|d hmeed ~`k`~x|dx|dh`zàkdem "v+ 8>2)+

E'`k`z`dx`yd v` òva|xdkxm i} è oayòmkxa vm| ed nd~d% deea~nava h` axxmkm|m deeagg` o`geà|` m dii`xx` v` mt}`3 h`mx|ae'`k`z`dx`yd ~xdydka a|gdk`zzdzàk` vae`x`nbm m ~`khdnde` nbm~mg}`ydka em |`nb`m~xm m v|ao}aymydka dknbm dxx` hànn}vdzàkm% eaxxdydka nakx|a ge` ~i|dxx` m nb`mhmydka h`hm~x`kd|m v` mhì`n` d ~n}aem m d~è`+ E'dzàkm naeemxx`yd ymkkm|m~d hìi`nèm ~av|dxx}xxa hdeed odkndkzd h` naovdxxmzzd x|d ed


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>< MH@XA\@D YM\HM M NAO]K@NDZ@AKM DOL@MKXDEM @K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AK/E@KM

vavaedzàkm+ Ed vae`x`nd ~xdyd ~}lmkha dknb'm~~d de ~}a `kxm|kak}om|a~` ndol`domkx`: è VN@ |mg`~x|dyd h` k}aya oaex`nak~mk~`% è V^@ e` vm|hmyd m ed HN m|d dxx|dym|~dxd hd eaxxm`kxm|km+ @k gmkm|dem agk` ~`kgaed ia|zd vae`x`nd kak vaxmyd`gka|d|m em |`nb`m~xm h` ndol`domkxa% vm|n` ~` dv| }k vm|àhah` omh`dzàkm: è v|òa vd~~a i} t}meea h` dxx`yd|m è v|anm~~ah` hmnmkx|domkxa |mgàkdem vm| dex|m t}`kh`n` |mgàk` "nmk'm|dka g` n`kt}m d ~xdx}xa ~vmn`dem)% è ~mnakha t}meea h``kx|ah}||m ed v|dx`nd hme |mim|mkh}o dl|agdx`ya+ Vd~~`òva|xdkx`~~ò`% od dkna|d ~` m|d oaexa eakxdk` hde ~agka hmeedhmoan|dz`d h`|mxxd+ Dex|m |ìa|om |`g}d|hd|aka em vmk~àk` "`kn}` ~` gd|dkx`yd è 78- hme ~ded|à omhà hmge` }exò` n`kt}m

dkk` h` edya|a)% e'dvv|aydzàkm hmeea ~xdx}xa hm` edya|dxa| %e'`kx|ah}zàkm hme h`ya|zà% ea ~xdkz`domkxa h` h`ym|~` oè`d|h`vm| }ka k}aya v`dka h` mhè`z`d v}lle`nd kmee'dol`xa h` }kd|ìa|od ~}eed nd~d "nbm vm| |`~}ex vana mii`ndnm vm| ~nd|~dnaa|h`kdzàkm x|d vae`x`nd m ~`khdndx`)+ E'mnakao`d y`ymyd }koaomkxa h` xmk~àkm% dee'd}omkxa ~ded|`dem ~` |`~va~m nak }kdvae`x`nd hmiedzàk`~x`nd oahm|dxd nbm kak imnm dex|a nbm~na|dgg`d|m dkna|d h` v` ge` òv|mkh`xa|` g` `kxòa|`x` hdeem

v|axm~xm avm|d`m m h}llà~` ~}ee'dvvaggà hd vd|xm hme gaym|ka+Ge` òv|mkh`xa|` ~xdxde` xmkxd|aka h` ~nmkhm|m d naov|aom~~`nak ed k}ayd ~`x}dzàkm kmeem idll|`nbm% omkx|m t}mee` v|`ydx`|mdg`|aka `k odk`m|d kmgdx`yd m v` x|dh`zàkdem+ Kme i|dxxmova%x|d è 407< m è 407>% n` i} }kd v`nnaed |`v|m~d mnakao`nd%~mg}`xd hd }kd ~}l`xdkmd |`ndh}xd% nbm va|x deed ~yde}xdzàkmhmeed e`|d m dee' kkdezdomkxa hme na~xa hmeem òva|xdzàk`%


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED >>T]M^X@AKMDOL@MKXDEM

kaknb dee'd}omkxa hme xd~~a h' kiedzàkm+ Ed |`~va~xd hmòayòmkx` |`yae}zàkd|` ndol` è ~}a ~xèm m kme i|dxxmova`k`z` ed x|dg`nd id~m nbm ~xa|`ndomkxm y`mkm |`na|hdxd naom~x|dxmg`d hmeed xmk~àkm: è v|òa mv`~ahà i} ed laoldm~vea~d deed Ldknd kdzàkdem hmee'dg|`naex}|d `k v`dzzd Iakxdkdd Oèdka% vm| n}` ymkkm|a dnn}~dx` hdvv|òd ge` dkd|nb`n` "`kvd|x`naed|m è ldeem|`ka |aodka V`mx|a Ydev|mhd m è im||ay`m|moèdkm~m G`}~mvvm V`kmee`) m va` ` kma/id~n`~x` ymkmx` "`gka|dx``k`z`deomkxm vm| ` |dvva|x` nbm vd|myd ~xm~~m|a `kxm~~mkha nak è^m|y`zà `kia|odzàk` hmeed hìm~d)+ @k ~mg}`xa d xde`dyymkòmkx % e'deea|d v|m~`hmkxm hmeed \mv}lle`nd G`}~mvvm^d|dgdx hmn`~m h` dv|`|m }k'`knb`m~xd ~}ee'dxx`y`x hm` ^m|y`z`

~mg|mx`% dknbm ~m em dex|m od~~òm d}xa|`x ~xdxde` ~v`kgmydkavm| axxmkm|m e'`k~dll`domkxa+ ]k dkka hava% kme 4076% J}kàYdem|à La|gbm~m% naodkhdkxm de xmova hmeed \mv}lle`nd h`^de% xmkx }k naeva h` ~xdxa nbm idee o`~m|domkxm "t}dxx|a dkk`hava% La|gbm~m m ` ~}a` naove`n` ymkkm|a x}xx` d~~aex`)+ Kmei|dxxmova% ~} v|ava~xd hmeed HN% ymkkm memxxa e'dyyandxakdvaemxdka Gàydkk` Emakm deed v|m~`hmkzd hmeed \mv}lle`nd% èt}dem hmn`~m h` `kh`|m em memzàk` vae`x`nbm v|òd hmeed i`km hme

odkhdxa hme ymnnbà gaym|ka+ Kme 407< ed HN% nak d ndvaG`}eà Dkh|maxx`% ia|o }k gaym|ka h` nmkx|a/hm~x|d nbm% dnd}~d h` eaxxm `kxm|km m oayòmkx` avm|d`% ndhhm hava ~aea }kdkka m nakh}~~m deed ia|odzàkm h` }kd k}ayd nade`zàkm h`nmkx|a/~`k`~x|d nbm naov|mkhmyd HN% V^@% V\@% V^H@+ H}mt}m~xàk` v|`kn`vde` mom|~m|a hde lèdknà h` t}m~xa vm|àha: edv|òd i} è ideeòmkxa hmeed eaxxd ~x}hmkxm~nd m avm|d`d


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kmee'`kxmkzàkm h` x|d~ia|od|m ed ~an`mx m ed vae`x`nd `xde`dkd3 ed~mnakhd |`g}d|h ed odkndxd dxx}dzàkm hmeem |ìa|om+ @eideeòmkxa v|aldlèomkxm hay}xa deem kmge`gmkzm hm`|`yae}zàkd|` ~xm~~`% de ea|a |`~x|mxxa k}om|a% dge` `hmde` oaexaydgb` d` t}de` ~vm~~a ~` dymyd hìi`naex d nakia|od|~`+ âxxat}m~xa d~vmxxa t}m~xd |`yae}zàkm n}ex}|dem

Dvvd|m naom }k xmkxdx`ya ~x|da|h`kd|à od ydka h` ~i`hd|m ` ydea|`hao`kdkx` h` }kd ~an`mx `k |dv`ha ndol`domkxa+ @e oayòmkxa

v|m~m ~edknà hdeed nakg`}kx}|d `kxm|kdzàkdem ym|domkxm }k`nd h`t}mee'dkka3 ymkkm |diia|zdxa hdeem x|dh`zàk` hmeed \m~`~xmkzd mhdee'dxx`y`~oa avm|dà3 axxmkkm dvvagg` d nd}~d hme oahah|doodx`na m h`~a|h`kdxa nak n}` ~` m|d }|ldk`zzdxd e'@xde`d3 `k i`k

hm` nakx`% vm|% m~~a m|d `k h`|mxxa nakie`xxa nak è vm|na|~a hmeedoahm|k`zzdzàkm `xde`dkd "v+ 89>)+

@e oayòmkxa% t}`kh`% kak mllm `kie}mkzd ~}e ndoo`kahmee'@xde`d ym|~a ed oahm|k`x3 dkna| h` v` em |ìa|om v|ava~xmkak |`}~n`|aka d ymhm|m e'dxx}dzàkm ~`d vm| ed odkndkzd h`dzàkm hm` |`yae}zàkd|` |`~vmxxa d` ~`khdndx` "` t}de`%t}dkxaomka% y`hm|a axxmkm|m hm` i|}xx` hdeem ea|a ldxxdge`m)% ~`dvm|nb kak ~` m|d |`}~n`x` d |`~aeym|m è g|dkhm v|alemod `xde`dkad oakxm h` agk` x`va h` |`nb`m~xd m!a v|ava~xd: ed l}|an|dz`d+


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED >=T]M^X@AKMDOL@MKXDEM

4+>+ @e nakxm~xa ~xa|`na/mh`xa|`dem hdge` dkk` ^m~~dkxd deed i`km

hme ~mnaea ~na|~a

Km` v|ò` dkk` ^m~~dkxd ed ~an`mx `xde`dkd naka~nmyd }kg|dkhm ~yè}vva ~axxa è v|aièa mnakao`na% `kh}~x|`dem mn}ex}|dem m h` vd|` vd~~a e'mh`xa|`d ~` m~vdkhmyd m ~` `||al}~x`yd+

Nao}kt}m ~` `kxm|v|mx` ed ~xa|`d emxxm|d|`d hmeed v|òd omx hmehmnmkkà% |`~}exd my`hmkxm ed ymean`x hme ~aooayòmkxa nbm ~`m|d g` v|m~mkxdxa kmge` dkk` '=6: e'dexd n}ex}|d x|dh`zàkdem ~`|`k~m||dyd `k vanb` ld~xàk` ~vmn`de`~x`n`% omkx|m ~` ~yè}vvdyd d|`xoa dnnmem|dxa }kd k}ayd zakd hmeed |`nm|nd% m kak v` ~aeadxx|dym|~a em x|dh}zàk` "\dgakm 4000% v+


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x|ded~n`dkha ~aea t}denbm zakd naom e'}k`ym|~`x m t}denbm~deaxxa la|gbm~m% `kièx|dkha~` `k x}xx` ge` ~x|dx` e`kg}`~x`n`+ Denakxmova ed e`kg}d ~n|`xxd haymyd id|m ` nakx` nak è |dv`hao}xdomkxa h` t}meed a|dem nbm m|d ~mov|m v` ym`naedxd hden`kmod "`k nakx`k}d m~vdk~àkm)+ ^` ~xdyd o`g|dkha ym|~a }kk}aya }k`ym|~a n}ex}|dem `k n}` ` oayòmkx` emxxm|d|` ymk`ydkanakxm~xdx`% ~mllmkm nakx`k}d~~m|a d v|ah}|~`% ~`d naom xmkxdx`yakmadydkg}d|h`~x`na% ~`d naom xmkxdx`ya h` ~yè}vva hme |aodkzax|dh`zàkdem+ ^` d~~`~xmyd d }k vm|àha h` d}omkxa hmeem |m~m m~}l`xdkma m v|mn`v`xa~a ndea hmeem x`|dx}|m+ Ed ~mnakhd omx hmehmnmkkà ~` dv|`yd nak }kd k}ayd id~m mh`xa|`dem: ~` nm|ndyd h`ndv`|m è vm|àha nbm ed ~an`mx ~xdyd dxx|dym|~dkha m h`

|`~vakhm|m de omgeà d` g}~x` hme v}lle`na+ Dknbm h}m g|dkh`d~~an`dzàk` dol`mkxde`~xm naom @xde`d ka~x|d m è WWI `kx}`|akanbm% vm| na`kyaegm|m è v}lle`na h` od~~d eakxdka hd e`kg}dggàvaova~a m dnndhmo`na hm` nakymgk` m hmeem `~x`x}zàk`%l`~agkdyd h`|axxd|~` ym|~a }ka ~xèm v` naov|mk~`lèm m deedva|xdxd h` x}xx`: kdnt}m|a vm|n`% kme 40=7 è laeemxx`ka @xde`dKa~x|d vm| e'aoakòd d~~an`dzàkm m kme 4099 Vdkhd vm| èWWI+ Ge` dkk` ^m~~dkxd ~` hòa~x|d|aka }k vm|àha h` g|dkhm

im|omkxa dknbm vm| ed Nb`m~d ndxxae`nd3 e'mh`xa|`d ~` imnmva|xdyanm dknbm h` t}m~x` im|ya|`% |mgdedkha |`kkaydomkxa m }kvm|àha |`gageà~a dknbm ~axxa è v|aièa naoom|n`dem+ â|gmyd}k v|alemod x|d ed nao}k`ndzàkm h` od~~d% nbm dymydmy`hmkxmomkxm oahì`ndxa ed i}kzàkm hmeed vd|aed ~n|`xxd% m èxm~xa emxxm|d|à+ @e omh`}o ~n|`xxa% i`ka dh deea|d n}eed hmeede`kg}d emxxm|d|`d% ~xdyd y`dgg`dkha h` vd|` vd~~a deed n}ex}|d h`


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od~~d% |dvv|m~mkxdxd dknbm hdge` dex|` omh`d h` odggà|mhìi}~àkm+ @e v}lle`na dxx}dyd v|anm~~` h` |`naka~nòmkxa mòomhm~òdzàkm kme |aodkza h` od~~d% xde` hd nak~dn|d|km è|}aea v|mhao`kdkxm kme ndova mh`xa|`dem+ Kmeem ea|a ym|~àk`xd~ndlè`% ` vancmx m ` |aodkz`% ymhmydka ed ea|a od~~òdhìi}~àkm `k t}m~xa vm|àha "dknbm t}` ~` x|dxxdyd h`}k'`kie}mkzd ~t}`~`xdomkxm dom|`ndkd)% od t}m~x` ym`naedydkadknbm xdkxd ~vdzzdx}|d nbm hdyd ed ~mk~dzàkm h` }k|dii|mhhdomkxa hmeed n}ex}|d+ Nak xdem imkaomka e'}k`ym|~ahmeed emxx}|d ~` m|d |à|gdk`zzdxa xaxdeomkxm% vm| n}` hd }kd vd|xmdelm|gdydka ed ~dgg`~x`nd m ed emxxm|dx}|d ned~~`nd m~vm|òmkxdem% hdee'dex|d è xm~xa `kh}~x|`dem vm| h`ym|~` nmx` m

~`x}dzàk`3 `k omzza ~xdyd è |aodkza h` t}de`x+ Od kakl`~agkd x|d~n}|d|m è idxxa nbm ed i`km hmge` dkk` ^m~~dkxd% nak `~}a` im|omkx` n}ex}|de` m em ~}m v|axm~xm% |mgdedyd }k`ym|~` m`kxm|m~~` i`ka dh deea|d t}d~` ~naka~n`}x` m% h` nak~mg}mkzd%kd~nmydka k}aym nd~m mh`x|`n` nbm ~` v|m~m|a ed l|`gd h`ym`naed|m t}m~xd k}ayd m ~idnnmxxdxd akhdxd n}ex}|dem km` v|av|`ndxdeagb`+ @e e`l|a ymk`yd }xè`zzdxa ~mov|m v` naom ~x|}omkxa%naom i`km~x|d ~}e oakha% ~` dv|`yd de v|m~mkxm3 dknb'm~~a ~xdyd

vm|hmkha ed ~}d d}|d "~mnakha e'`hmd h` Wdexm| Lmkjdo`k) kme~}a v|anm~~a h` od~~ì ndzàkm+ E'mh`xa|`d h` ~`k`~x|d y`ymyd }kg|dkhm vm|àha% ~mllmkm n` ~` |`x|ayd~~m h` i|akxm de v|alemod`hmaeag`na hmeed havv`d kdx}|d h` t}m~xa v|ahaxxa: e'm~~m|m denakxmova }k v|ahaxxa h'd}xa|m m }k v|ahaxxa hme ndv`xdem+ Eme`l|m|`m x|dh`zàkde` ~}l`ydka }kd n|`~`% d hìim|mkzd hmee'mh`xa|`d`kh}~x|`dem% vm| ~xdydka kd~nmkha v`nnaem e`l|m|`m h`


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oayòmkxa nbm m|dka dknbm nd~m mh`x|`n` `k v|av|à+ Od edym|d m v|av|`d n|`~` hmeem ymkh`xm ~` mllm x|d ed i`km hme 4096 mge` `k`z` hme 40763 d nakx|d~xd|m em ~n|`xx}|m ~m|`de` h` od~~dm|dka |òd~x ~aea den}k` ned~~`n` emxxm|d|` m ièa~ai`n`%|`~vaeym|dx` hde oayòmkxa ~x}hmkxm~na m avm|dà è t}dem|`nb`mhmyd ed |`~xdovd hme e`l|a h` }kd yaexd% vaym|a mdkx`t}dxa od ym|a "m kak v|ahaxxa hme ndv`xde`~oa `kh}~x|`dem)+

@k t}m~xa vm|àha% v|mn`~domkxm kme 407


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dnndhmo`na% |`yaexa deed hìi}~àkm hmeem `kia|odzàk`~n`mkxì`nbm+ @e e`l|a `k t}m~xàkm ^èmkx ^v|`kg "V|òdym|d~èmkzà~d)% è t}dem ymkkm mh`xa `k @xde`d hd Imex|`kmee` ~aexdkxa}kh`n` dkk` hava% kme 407>+

E'mh`xa|`d |ìemxxmyd }kd ~an`mx ~na~~d hde vm|àha h`xmk~àkm ~anà/vae`x`nd m h`~a|`mkxdxd kme ~}a xmkxdx`ya hòmxdlae`zzd|m ` yd|` m k}ay` im|omkx`+ E'aiim|xd m|d ~ndhmkxm mhmnnm~~`yd |`~vmxxa deem ndvdn`x h` d~~a|lòmkxa hme om|ndxa%~mkzd nakxd|m è idxxa h` kak m~~m|m ~a~xmk}xd hd }k'dhmg}dxdv|aoazàkm m h`~x|`l}zàkm+ Hde 407> `k va` |`v|m~m ed n|m~n`xdmh`xa|`dem% dknbm ~}ee'akhd hme oayòmkxa ~x}hmkxm~na mavm|dà% ~mllmkm e'd~vmxxa ia~~m o}xdxa: ~` m|d vd~~dx` d }kd

~x|}xx}|d odkdgm|`dem hmee'mh xa|`d m oaex` mh`xa|` hmee'mvanddlldkhakd|aka è v|av|à ndova v|av|à `k y`|x hmgemnnm~~`y` o}xdomkx` nbm xdem i`g}|d ~xdyd ~}lmkha+ \dgakm "v+


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e'mh`xa|`d hmoan|dx`nd% deea ~nava h` nakx|dvva||m em v`nnaem momh`m nd~m mh`x|`n` de oakavaeà hmeem g|dkh`+ De ~}a `kxm|ka%vm|% kak odknd|aka em h`y`~àk` x|d ge` mh`xa|` nbm xmkxdydka h`n|md|m }kd n}ex}|d ld~dxd ~}` k}ay` oayòmkx` hmeed ~an`mx mt}mee` nbm kak yaemydka |`h}||m ed n}ex}|d deed ~x|mg}d h` }kdom|nm h` nak~}oa "t}m~xa nakymgka hmn|mxm| ed i`km hmeedna~`hhmxxd mh`xa|`d h` ~`k`~x|d)+ Kaka~xdkxm ea ~nb`dnn`dkxmae`gavaeà hm` g|dkh` g|}vv`% kdnt}m|a v`nnaem nd~m mh`x|`n` `k~mxxa|` od` navm|x` ~`ka dh deea|d naom ed omh`n`kd% ed i`kdkzd%è h`|`xxa+ Dh agk` oaha dknbm ed g|dkhm mh`xa|`d kak y`ymydoaomkx` gd}hà~`% y`~xa nbm m|d nakx|d~xdxd de ~}a `kxm|ka m~memxx`yd+ Kme 4077% vana v|òd h` }k'dex|d n|`~`% ~` ndol`dyd

o`xa: hdee'Dom|`nd ~` vd~~dyd deed I|dkn`d% ed t}demv|ao}aymyd }kd k}ayd ym~xm hmeed nakx|a/n}ex}|d+Ed ~mnakhd omx hme hmnmkkà dy|mllm y`~xa ed |`v|m~d hm`

g|dkh` g|}vv` nbm h`deagdydka oaex`~~òa nak è om|ndxaxmemy`~`ya+ M kak ~aea: ~` d~~`~xmyd% `k gmkm|dem% d }k o`~n}geàx|d emxxm|m% yan` m òodg`k` h` od~~d nak ed hm|`yd ym|~a edyanm% hay}xd deed hìi}~àkm od~~`nn`d kak ~aea hmeedxmemy`~àkm% od dknbm hme n`kmod m hmeed |dhà "dknbm ~m è

^m~~dkxaxxa dymyd }xè`zzdxa ia|xmomkxm ed vd|aed ~n|`xxd%g`}h`ndxd m~~mkz`dem vm| è |dnnakxa |mdem hmge` mymkx`)+ T}m~x`dkk` ~aka nd|dxxm|`zzdx` hd }ka ~nmkd|à omx|avae`xdka% hdeednao}k`ndzàkm ~n|`xxd ~mnnd m l|mym m v` v|avmk~d d t}meeda|dem% t}`kh` e'mh`xa|`d kak vaxmyd nbm |ìemxxm|m t}m~xa nakxm~xa"`k t}m~xa vm|àha% v|mn`~domkxm kme 4077% ymhm ed e}nm ed|`y`~xd Xm||d K}ayd% hmee'aoakòa g|}vva mh`xa|`dem)+


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@e xm||mka im|xèm vm| è v|aeìm|d|~` hmeem `knb`m~xm% hmeedhìi}~àkm hmee'`kia|odzàkm x|do`xm t}ax`h`dk` m vm|àh`n`% èe`kg}dggà ~mov|m v` y`n`ka deed naoo`~xàkm hmeem h`ym|~mia|om h` nao}k`ndzàkm omh`dxd% ~` om~naed m ~` iakhm `k }ka}k`xd|à nbm bd hmkx|a h` ~ |`nb`do` |`naka~n`lè`+ Ed kd||dx`yd%~`d `xde`dkd nbm ~x|dk`m|d% m|d è gmkm|m v` nak~}odxa m ed~`x}dzàkm kak ~d|mllm o}xdxd dknbm kme hmnmkkà ~}nnm~~`ya+Kmge` dkk` Axxdkxd ~` hmxm|o`kd|aka em nakh`zàk` vm| }ka~ndolà x|d è v}lle`na xmemy`~`ya m è e`l|a v}|nb%t}m~x'}exòa% kak ia~~m h` g|dkh` v|mxm~m3 ed kd||dx`yd h`ymkxdyd~mov|m v` h` `kx|dxxmkòmkxa% va`nb è v}lle`na m|d |mdeomkxmhm~`hm|a~a h` mydhm|m hd }k nakxm~xa i`k x|avva avv|òmkxm `k

t}me vm|àha+ M~~a odkìm~xdyd x|do`xm è nak~}oa h` t}m~xavd|x`naed|m gmkm|m

e'm~`gmkzd h` mkx|d|m k}aydomkxm kme |mgka hmeed idkxd~`d% hmeedn|mdx`y`x% hme ~agka% hava dkk` h` naov|m~~àk` `hmaeag`nbm+ Kakòva|xdydka x|avva ` nah`n` emxxm|d|` }~dx`: òva|xdyd ed odnnb`kdkd||dx`yd `k ~ "Ndhàe`% Y`g`k` >)+

Kak n' v` t}meed n|m~n`xd n}ex}|dem nbm dymyd nd|dxxm|`zzdxa` h}m hmnmkk` v|mnmhmkx`% è omh`}o xmemy`~`ya ~xdyd vm| ymhm|med kd~n`xd hm` ndkde` naoom|n`de`% d naea|` m |`nnb` h` nakxmk}xòmka òvmgkdx`y` m nao`kn`dyd d hìiakhm|~` dknbme'`kia|odx`nd "`k t}m~xa vm|àha% v|mn`~domkxm kme 4024% kd~nm}k'dex|d òva|xdkxm |`y`~xd dol`mkxde`~xd: D`|akm)+ E'mh`xa|`d%~deya è vm|àha hmge` dkk` h` vàola% n|mllm d ~}d yaexd dknbm~m i} è gà|kde`~oa d `kxm|v|mxd|m ed vd|xm hme emakm `k xdem


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8< MH@XA\@D YM\HM M NAO]K@NDZ@AKM DOL@MKXDEM @K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AK/E@KM

n|m~n`xd+ @ yae}o` `k ~m|`m m ` |aodkz` |a~d% naom edidoa~`~~òd ~m|`m Bd|oakp% i}|aka ` ~aggmxx` mh`xa|`de` hòdggà|m hìi}~àkm% dknbm ~m |`v|mkhmyd y`ga|m è v|mhao`kàhme e`l|a kmeed n}ex}|d% `kxm~a naom ndova v|`yèmg`dxa vm| }kdhòmk~àkm naka~n`x`yd d}xakaod+ N'm|d `k na|~a }kd n|`~` h`v|ava|zàk` od` y`~xm m è vmk~`m|a hìi}~a m|d v` t}meea h`my`xd|m h` diiakhd|m v`}xxa~xa nbm v}kxd|m ym|~a è|`kkaydomkxa+ V|av|à `k t}m~xa oaomkxa dyymkgaka mv`~ah`nbm dy|mllm|a o}xdxa |dh`ndeomkxm e' kxm|ka hme ~mxxa|m:odggà|m diie}~~a h` ndv`xde` m odkdgm| h` v|aymk`mkzd mrx|d/mh`xa|`dem% vaxmkz`domkxa `kn`~`ya hmeem ~x|}xx}|m naoom|n`de`%v` kay`x ~axxa è v|aièa hmeed |dzàkde`zzdzàkm hmeed

v|ah}zàkm m hmge` a|gdk`n`% |`kkaydomkxa hmge` òv`dkx`+Dknbm ~m `k t}denbm dol`xa vd|myd o`geà|d|m% ed ~`x}dzàkmmh`xa|`dem gealdem m|d x}xx'dex|a nbm |d~~`n}|dkxm% xdkxa hdd~~`~xm|m de na~xdkxm hmnm~~a h` oaexm v`nnaem m omh`m nd~mmh`x|`n`% `kndvdn` h` |`ydemgg`d|m nak ` g|dkh` g|}vv`+ Kme 402=dyymkkm }kd xò`hd |`v|m~d% kaka~xdkxm kak odknd~~m|a h}ll`m `knm|xmzzm h` agk` ~a|xd3 ~` |`kkayd|aka ` omxah` v|aoazàkde`m ed i`g}|d hmee'mh`xa|m ymkkm `k }k nm|xa ~mk~a ~a~x`x}`xd hdeed

v|m~mkzd hme ndxdeaga "nak ed nak~mg}mkxm vm|h`xd h` `hmkx`x h`den}km nd~m mh`x|`n` m hmeed ~}hh`y`~àkm hme v}lle`na `k g|}vv`nak `kxm|m~~` nao}k` |`nakh}n`lè` d h`ym|~` ndxdeagb`)+ Ednd|dxxm|`~x`nd odggà|m hmge` dkk` Axxdkxd i} ed i|doomkxdzàkmhme v}lle`na% nbm ~` a|`mkxdyd ym|~a g}~x` x|d ` v` h`~vd|dx` mnbm nak~}odyd ~mov|m v` em mh`zàk` xd~ndlè` mh mnakao`nbm"dknbm ~m n` i} }kd |`v|m~d hmee'mh`xa|`d h` n}ex}|d `k t}m~xd


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED 8>T]M^X@AKMDOL@MKXDEM

ym|~àkm)+ T}m~x` dkk` ~` nb`}~m|a `k }kd odk`m|d hmn`~domkxmo`geà|m |`~vmxxa d t}meed `k n}` ~` m|dka dvm|x` m% vm|n`%ed~n`dydka v|m~dg`|m l}akm v|a~vmxx`ym vm| è hmnmkkà~}nnm~~`ya+ Od ed |mdex ~` |`yme lmk v|m~xa h`ym|~d: ge` dkk`Kaydkxd nao`kn`d|aka nak }kd h`~nm~d vm| t}m~xa om|ndxa% nak~xd~` `k }kd ~`x}dzàkm hìi`naexa~d+ Oaexm nd~m mh`x|`n`|`v|ava~m|a ` xdge` ~} x}xxm em yan` h` na~xa kmeed naky`kzàkm%naom kme hmnmkkà v|mnmhmkxm% nbm è v|òa oaha vm|g}dhdgkd|m ia~~m t}meea h` kak vm|hm|m% v|aydkha d v}kxd|m v`~}e o`geà|domkxa hme ndxdeaga nbm ~}eed v|aoazàkm hmeemkay`x m `kym~xmkha nak ed hay}xd v|}hmkzd+ Od ed ~mxm hèmxx}|d m h` ~dvm|m ~` odkìm~x nao}kt}m x|do`xm ed hìi}~àkm

hmeed naeedkd Oèeme`|m% }k'`hmd v|aoa~~d hdeed nd~d mh`x|`nm|aodkd ^xdovd Dexm|kdx`yd `k n}` ymk`ydka |dnnaexm `k vanbmvdg`km den}k` x|d ` v|`kn`vde` ned~~`n` h` emxxm|dx}|d% kd||dx`yd m~dgg`~x nd+ T}m~xd avm|dzàkm i} ed v|òd h` }kd e}kgd ~m|`m% `kt}dkxa è ~}a i|}xx}a~a m~movà `kna|dgg` oaexm dex|m nd~mmh`x|`n` d |mde`zzd|m naeedkm h` mh`zàk` mnakao`nbm hd omxxm|m~}e om|ndxa+ Ea ~yè}vva h` t}m~xa x`va h` mh`xa|`d xd~ndlèm m|dhay}xd ~av|dxx}xxa d` ~mgk` h` |mnm~~àkm hòa~x|dx`

hdee'mnakao`d mh`xa|`dem% vm| n}` ~` v}kx v` ~}` v|mzz`nakxmk}x` hm` x`xae` de i`km h` d}omkxd|km em ymkh`xm% nak ènak~mg}mkxm ~lèdkn`domkxa ym|~a è xd~ndlèm+ ^` nm|ndyd h`ò`xd|m ` g|dkh` g|}vv` mh`xa|`de` m}|avm` m ~xdx}k`xmk~` nbmdymydka dxx}dxa v`dk` h` `kxmg|dzàkm gealdem m va~`zàkdomkxa~x|dxmg`na% `k n}` ymk`ydka dnt}`~xdxm kak ~aea v`nnaem m omh`mnd~m mh`x|`n`% od dknbm t}meem v` g|dkh`+ Km nak~mg}`yd }k


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kaxmyaem oayòmkxa hme om|ndxa m dknbm }kd nm|xd `k~xdlè`x%hdxa nbm dkhdydka d o}xd|m ` |dvva|x` h` ia|zd n|mdx`~` mkd~nmydka vae`x`nbm naoom|n`de` mh mh`xa|`de` nbm `kn`hmydka~}ee'aiim|xd% `kie}mkzdkha `kmy`xdlèomkxm ed haodkhd+ E'@xde`d~` oa~~m dknb'm~~d ~} }kd vae`x`nd h` |`kkaydomkxa m|à|gdk`zzdzàkm hmeem |mx` h` ymkh`xd: t}m~xa neòd h` kay`x ~`|ìemxx dknbm dee'`kxm|ka hme WWI m h` Emgdol`mkxm haym% kme400=% kdnt}m|a% |`~vmxx`ydomkxm h}m |`y`~xm: Dxxmkzàkm vm|è WWI m Ed k}ayd mnaeag`d vm| Emgdol`mkxm+ ^mov|m hmeea~xm~~a dkka è yae}om h` Mhgd| Bmeo}x Ompm|@ vàk`m|`hmee'dol`mkxm% kak m~dxxdomkxm è v|òa od% h` nm|xa% }ka hm`v` òva|xdkx` nakx|`l}x` vm| ed xm~~`x}|d hme |dnnakxa hmeed

~xa|`d hmee'dol`mkxde`~oa `xde`dka3 hme 4022 `kymnm }k dex|aòva|xdkxm nakx|`l}xa deed ~xa|`d hmee'dol`mkxde`~oa%E'dol`mkxm naom ~xa|`d h` Delm|xa Nd|dnnàea+

^}e i`k`|m hmge` dkk` Kaydkxd e'mh`xa|`d ~mol|dyd d||`ydxd d}k hmn`~`ya v}kxa h` ~yaexd+ N'm|d ~xdxd }kd ~a|v|mkhmkxmdnnmem|dzàkm km` v|anm~~` h` `kxmg|dzàkm x|d mh`xa|`dx|dh`zàkdem% mh`xa|`d memxx|ak`nd m o}exòmh`dem m e'`hmd nbmdemgg`dyd m|d t}meed nbm% h` e d vana% n` ~d|mllm ~xdxd }k'}k`nd

mkx`x v|ah}xx`yd m h` om|ndxa3 e'mh`xa|`d memxx|ak`nd mo}exòmh`dem ~d|mllm ~xdxd kak ~aea e'dex|d idnn`d h` t}meedmh`xa|`dem% od dknbm è omzza dxx|dym|~a è t}dem ~d|mllm|a ~xdx`ym`naedx` ` ~}a` nakxmk}x`+ E'mlaac4% ymkkm v|m~mkxdxa naom ed

4 ^` v} vd|ed|m h` mlaac hdydkx` dh }k xm~xa memxx|ak`na|dgàkmyaeomkxm m~xm~a% naov`}xa mh }k`xd|à% avva|x}kdomkxmnahì`ndxa mh mymkx}deomkxm dnnaovdgkdxa hd omxd`kia|odzàk`hm~n| xx`ym% dnnm~~`lèm dxx|dym|~a }k h`~va~`x ya bd|hwd|m m


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@ENAKXM^XA^XA\@NAMHMH@XA\@DEM@KN]@^@@K^N\@YMED 8=T]M^X@AKMDOL@MKXDEM

k}ayd i|akx`m|d hme e`l|a% kmge` ^xdx` ]k`x` ymkkm dnnaexahdvv|òd hmlaeomkxm% va` ymkkm }xè`zzdxa odggà|omkxm"xdkxa nbm agg` t}m~xd kdzàkm v} vd|ed|m h` }kd ~xa|`d hme ~}a}xè`zza)3 `k @xde`d dge` `k`z` ~xmkx d hmnaeed|m% od kmge` }exò`dkk` hme k}aya ~mnaea vd|m nbm ~` ~x`d d~~`~xmkha d}k'`kym|~àkm h` |axxd+ ^` bd d nbm id|m nak }k'mvand hdìa|x`~~ò` m ymean`~~ò` ndol`domkx`% ` t}de` bdkka nd|dxxm|m~ò}exdkma m annd~àkdem+ T}m~xd mvand h` kaodh`~oamh`xa|`dem "Ndhàe`% Y`g`k`


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e'òva|xdkx`~~òa Dol`mkxm m ^xdovd h` I|dknm~nd Xmeeakm%xm~xa iakhdomkxdem `k t}dkxa |`vm|na||m e'`kxm|m~~m hmeed ~xdovdt}ax`h`dkd "v|mn`~domkxm h` t}dxx|a xm~xdxm `k vd|x`naed|m) hdeedomx hme 4076 ~`ka deed omx hme 4006% èe}~x|dkha naom mt}dkxa t}m~xa `kxm|m~~m ~}l x|d~ia|odzàk` kme na|~a hmge` dkk`m `k ld~m d` h`ym|~` t}ax`h`dk` `k t}m~xàkm+


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@ NAKX\@L]X@ V@ ^@GK@I@NDX@Y@ @K V\A^VMXX@YD H@ ]KD 87MH@XA\@DDOL@MKXDEM: D]XA\@% XM^XDXMMAVM\M

Ndv`xaea ~mnakha

@ nakx|`l}x` v` ~`gkì`ndx`y` `k v|a~vmxx`yd h` }kd mh`xa|`ddol`mkxdem: d}xa|`% xm~xdxm m avm|m

@ kao` h` |`y`~xm m h` e`l|` h` d}xa|` n`xdx` kme v|mnmhmkxmndv`xaea |dvv|m~mkxdka ` x`xae` hd n}` vd|x`|m vm| xmkxd|m h` n|md|m}kd ~a|xd h` odvvdx}|d h` t}m~xd mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem+E'`vaxm~` t}` ia|o}edxd ld~dxd ~}e edya|a h` Mhgd| Bmeo}xOmpm|% è t}dem i} è v|òa "m% v|aldlèomkxm% dkna|d è ~aea) dvd|ed|m h` mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem `xde`dkd m d |dnnage`m|m `

odxm|`de v` ~`gkì`ndx`y`+ @k v|ava~`xa }xèm omkzàkd|me'òva|xdkx`~~òd oa~x|d ~}eed mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem `k @xde`d%n}|dxd hdeea ~xm~~a Ompm| m a|gdk`zzdxd `k naeedla|dzàkm naked l`leàxmnd Nd~~`kd Dkkd h` Oèdka4+ Kak ~` x|dxxd h` memknd|mx}xxm em |`y`~xm% ` t}ax`h`dk` m ` e`l|` nbm bdkka x|dxxdxa d|gaomkx`h` `kxm|m~~m dol`mkxdem% g`dnnb km m~`~xaka m km ~aka ~mov|m

4^` x|dxxd hmeed oa~x|d Mh`xa|`d m gà|kde`~oa dol`mkxdem+ 466 dkk` h`~xa|`d% n}|dxd hd Mhgd| B+ Ompm| `k naeedla|dzàkm nak ed nd~d mh`x|`nmoèdkm~m Nd|dl Mh`zàk` m |mde`zzdxd kme ~mxxmol|m hme


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82 MH@XA\@D YM\HM M NAO]K@NDZ@AKM DOL@MKXDEM @K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AKE@KM

m~`~x`x` oaex`~~ò`+ âv|dxx}xxa vm| t}dkxa |`g}d|hd ed v|òdomx hme ~mnaea ~na|~a% Ompm| bd |`nm|ndxa t}de` ~`dka ~xdx` `v|ò` d|x`nae` `k n}` ~` odkìm~xdyd }k `kxm|m~~m vm| ed x}xmed m ed~deydg}d|h`d hmee'dol`mkxm% kak ~aea hd }k v}kxa h` y`~xdm~xmx`na od dknbm hd }k v}kxa h` y`~xd deed|o`~x`na "|`g}d|haem ~}m ~a|x` m% h` nak~mg}mkzd% t}meem hme gmkm|m }odka)+ Hdge`dkk` ^m~~dkxd `k va`% naom g` v|mnmhmkxmomkxm hmxxa% t}m~xa`kxm|m~~m xm~m dh d}omkxd|m m nao`kn`d|aka d `kx|dymhm|~`dknbm ` v|ò` e`l|` nbm hmk}kn`dydka ` h`ym|~` ~av|}~` ~}l`x`hdee'dol`mkxm i`ka deed i`km hme ~mnaea ~na|~a+ \`~vmxxadee'memkna idxxa hd Ompm| ~aka ~xdx` dgg`}kx` dex|` h}m odk}de`~}eed ~xa|`d hmee'dol`mkxde`~oa `xde`dka% |`xmk}x` òva|xdkx` vm|

t}m~xa edya|a% `k t}dkxa òva~~`lèm v|ayd|m d xm~~m|m emx|dom h` }kd ~xa|`d h` }k'`vaxmx`nd mh`xa|`d dol`mkxdem ~mkzdvd|ed|m hmeed ~xa|`d hmee'dol`mkxde`~oa `xde`dka+ Kme ndv`xaea n`~` ~aiim|od dknbm ~}eed i`g}|d h` Dkxakà Nmhm|kd% nak~`hm|dxadee'}kdkò`x è v|òa dol`mkxde`~xd `xde`dka% è t}dem ~``kxm|m~~d h` hmk}kn`d|m% v|òd x|do`xm ed |`y`~xd @e Oakha mva` dxx|dym|~a den}k` ~}a` e`l|`% ge` ~nmov` naov`}x` `k @xde`d de`ymeea d|x`~x`na/dol`mkxdem+ Em d~~an`dzàk` dol`mkxde`~xm

}xè`zzdka è omzza nd|xdnma naom y`d v|mim|mkz`dem vm| ednao}k`ndzàkm hmeem v|av|`m `k`z`dx`ym m hmeem `kia|odzàk`~}eed t}m~xàkm: v|òd i|d x}xx` @xde`d ka~x|d% kmge dkk`N`kt}dkxd m% km` hmnmkk` d ~mg}`|m% WWI m Emgdol`mkxm+

X|d ed i`km hmge` dkk` ^m~~dkxd m ge` `k`z` hmge` dkk` ^mxxdkxd%naom g` hmxxa kme v|mnmhmkxm ndv`xaea% h}m òva|xdkx`~~ò`yae}o` ~x|dk`m|` "V|òdym|d ~èmkzà~d h` \dnbme Nd|~ak m @


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eò x` hmeea ~yè}vva hm` |`nm|ndxa|` hme O@X)% ~` òva~m|a dev}lle`na `xde`dka "m% v` `k gmkm|dem% d t}meea `kxm|kdzàkdem)vm| ` nakxmk}x` d~~ae}xdomkxm `kkaydx`y` hmeem ea|a |`nm|nbm:t}m~x e`l|` ~d|mllm|a h`ymkxdx` ` odk}de` h` `knb`m~xddol`mkxdem hdeed t}dem% h` e `k va`% kak ~d|mllm ~xdxa v`va~~`lèm v|m~n`khm|m+ M% `kidxx`% ~` x|dxxd h` yae}o` n`xdx`~~ò`kmeem avm|m aggmxxa h` t}m~xa ndv`xaea% ~`d `k t}meem v``knmkx|dxm ~}eed ~xa|`d hme oayòmkxa dol`mkxde`~xd `xde`dka% ~`dkmeem dex|m nbm x|dxxdka ed t}m~xàkm dol`mkxdem ~axxa dex|` v}kx`h` y`~xd+

Ed i`km hme ndv`xaea hmh`ndxd dee'avm|d h` I|dknm~nd Xmeeakmm dh den}k` yae}o` ~}ee'd|gaomkxa nbm% naom v|mnmhmkxmomkxm

dkk}kn`dxa% ymkgaka `k~m|`x` `k t}m~xa edya|a vm| edvd|x`naed|`x hm` nakxmk}x` hd m~~` x|dxxdx`+ Ed na~x|}zàkm h` }kt}dh|a gmkm|`na ~} naom xdem t}m~xàkm ymk`~~m vm|nmv`xd mx|dxxdxd hd den}k` t}ax`h`dk` `xde`dk`% e'd|gaomkxa v|`kn`vdemhme edya|a hmeed Xmeeakm: }k mrn}|~}~ x|d kao` òva|xdkx`% hdxmm e}agb` x|`~xmomkxm idoa~` vm| e'dol`mkxm m x}xxm em kaxm i`|omnbm km bdkka |dnnakxdxa ed ~xa|`d+

@ x`xae x|dxxdx` kmee'}exòa vd|dg|dia% bdkka x}xx` dkk` h`

v}lle`ndzàkm |mnmkx`~~ò`3 ed yaeakx h` v|mkhm|m naomm~movà den}km hmeem v}lle`ndzàk` dyymk}xm kme k}ayaoèemkkà% |`~vakhm deed kmnm~~`x h` v|m~mkxd|m d g|dkh` e`kmmt}meed nbm ed ~`x}dzàkm dxx}dem h` t}m~xd mh`xa|`ddol`mkxdem+ X}xx` e`l|` nbm |`~vmnnb`dka ` yd|` ièak` `k n}` edt}m~xàkm dol`mkxdem y`mkm `k~m|`xd: hde |aodkza/`knb`m~xd deedx|dxxdzàkm ièa~ai`na/~v`|`x}de`~xd hmee'd|gaomkxa vd~~dkha


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=6 MH@XA\@D YM\HM M NAO]K@NDZ@AKM DOL@MKXDEM @K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AKE@KM

dxx|dym|~a ` ydhmomn}o alle`gdxa|` vm| }kd n}ex}|d h` ld~m~}ee'dol`mkxm m ed ~a~xmk`l`e`x+


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`hmde`~x`+@hmde`~xìa|x}kdx` /kme nd~a ka~x|a/ vm|nb naoldxxmkx` `kidya|m h'}kd nmeml|m m od|dy`geà~d ia|m~xd3 ym|`~x` d|h`x` m im|an`%

vm|nb ~a~xmk`xa|` h` t}mee'}xè`x odxm|`dem nbm agg` na~x`x}`~nm"}~`doa v}|m em l|}xxm vd|aem oahm|km) ed v`dxxdia|od memxxa|dem

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=< MH@XA\@D YM\HM M NAO]K@NDZ@AKM DOL@MKXDEM @K @XDE@D:HDEEMV\@OM\@Y@^XMDEEMMH@Z@AK@AKE@KM

}k'av`kàkm v}lle`nd èe}o`kdxd% nbm ymhd ` v|alemo` ia|m~xde` kakdxx|dym|~a em emkx` hmia|odx|`n` hmeed |mxa|`nd m hmeem i|d~` idxxm% odnak annbà eòv`ha m vmkmx|dkxm% `k }kd ~`knm|d y`~àkm hmeed|mdex>+

M ge` ~xm~~` |mhdxxa|`% kmeed v|m~mkxdzàkm hmee'}exòa yae}omhme omhm~òa dkka% nb`mhmydka d` emxxa|` ~m m~~` ~xm~~` dym~~m|axmk}xa imhm deem v|aom~~m idxxm dee'`k`zà hmee'dkka% nakne}hmkhah` yaem|~` hmh`nd|m odggà|omkxm% kmee'dkka ymkx}|a% deo`geà|domkxa hmeea ~xdxa hm` vdx|òak` nao}kde` mhmee'mnakao`d hm` nao}k` h` oakxdgkd% ~`d d e`ymeeat}dkx`xdx`ya nbm t}de`xdx`ya+ Ym|~a ed i`km hmge` dkk` Ymkx`kdnt}m|a em v|òm |`y`~xm hmh`ndxm dge` dodkx` hmeed kdx}|d mhmee'mnaeag`d3 e'`kxmkxa m|d t}meea `kia|odx`ya% ~mllmkm dknbm `kt}m~xm ~` |`}~n`ydka d `kx|dymhm|m hmge` dnnmkk` h`v|mann}vdzàkm ~}e i}x}|a hme vdx|òakà kdx}|de`~x`na `xde`dka+Hava den}k` dkk` hdeed ~}d kd~n`xd% E'Devm h`ymkkm e'a|gdka}ii`n`dem hme \mgà `~x`x}xa ia|m~xdem kdzàkdem h` I`|mkzm m hde40


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@ NAKX\@L]X@ V@ ^@GK@I@NDX@Y@ @K V\A^VMXX@YD H@ ]KD =>MH@XA\@DDOL@MKXDEM: D]XA\@% XM^XDXMMAVM\M

oakag|di`d `kx`xaedxd @e la~na nakx|a è xa||mkxm+ Em h}moakag|di`m h` d|gaomkxa ia|m~xdem idnmydka vd|xm hme yd~xav|ag|dood h` ~mk~`lè`zzdzàkm% yd|dxa hde ~ahde`zà oèdkm~mkme 4060% ~}eed n|`~` hmeed oakxdgkd m ~}eed kmnm~~`x h`|`na~x|}`|m è vdx|òakà la~nb`ya `xde`dka+ E'`k`z`dx`ydmh`xa|`dem mllm na~ xdkxa ~}nnm~~a nbm è O`k`~xm|ahmee'dg|`naex}|d km |`nb`m~m yd|`m o`ge`d`d h` nav`m+ Em h}mv}lle`ndzàk` vakmydka `k v|òa v`dka ed |`na~x`x}zàkm hmevdx|òakà ia|m~xdem m hm` vd~nae` oakxdk` `k t}dkxa edoakxdgkd% v|`ydxd hme ~}a odkxa la~nb`ya% ~xdyd v`dk v`dkai|dkdkha x|d~n`kdkha nak ~ ` vd~nae` m d||`ydkha d hmyd~xd|m èxm||mka d ydeem8+ Kme v|ò`~~òa k}om|a hmeed |`y`~xd "~` vd|ed

hme gmkkdà hme 4044)% ymkkm hm~n|`xxd t}meed nbm ~d|mllm ~xdxded vae`x`nd ~mg}`xd vm| x}xxd ed h}|dxd hmee'mh`zàkm hmeed |`y`~xd:dll`kd|m }k'`kia|odzàkm hmxxdge`dxd m v|mn`~d dee'òva|xdkzdhme odxm|`dem iaxag|di`na |`x|dmkxm ` ~aggmxx` x|dxxdx` kmge`d|x`nae` |medx y + E'd|x`naea `k`z`d nak ed nmeml|dzàkm hmeed~mnakhd ~mh}xd hmeed Naoo`~~àkm kdzàkdem h` v|avdgdkhdvm| è la~na m vm| è vd~naea+ ]k g|dkhm v|alemod i} t}meea h`x|ayd|m è odxm|`dem iaxag|di`na dhdxxa od% hdxd ed

naeedla|dzàkm h` h`ym|~` mkx` m ne}l dii`k` de XN@% i} va~~`lèm~}vm|d|m xdem hìi`naex+ E}`g` Y`xxa|à Lm|xd|mee`% kme v|òad|x`naea hme v|òa k}om|a% nakim|od ed xmkhmkzd hmeed |`y`~xd dyaem| dnndxx`yd|m ` emxxa|` ~`d hd }k v}kxa h` y`~xd om|domkxm

8 Mhgd| Bmeo}x Ompm|% hdeed l|anb}|m `kia|odx`yd hmeed oa~x|d~}ee'mh`xa|`d m è gà|kde`~oa dol`mkxdem n`xdxd kmee'`kx|ah}zàkm h` t}m~xandv`xaea+


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m~xmx`na ~`d hd }ka `kia|odx`ya% dhmg}dxa d` g}~x` hme v}lle`nah` od~~d vana dyymzza deem e}kgbm x|dxxdzàk` ~n`mkxì`nbm+

Vm|nb ~m e'annbà y` bd }kd g|dk vd|xm% ~m dee'm~xmx`nd ~` yae}xahd|m }kd ed|gd ~ahh`~idzàkm ")% dll`doa vm| dknbm yae}xa nbm

è xm~xa |`~vakhm~~m naom ~mym|`x h` iakhdomkxa m y`ydn`x hìa|od de l`~agka h` }kd v}lle`ndzàkm vavaed|m+ ^dvv`doa lmkmnbm è g|dk v}lle`na kak bd od` yage`d h` x|dkg}g`d|m hm` x|dxxdx`$=+

]k dkka hava }~n }k dex|a `kxm|m~~dkxm d|x`naea kmeed |`y`~xdomk~èm hme XN@ haym G`}~mvvm Nd~xmee`% d}xa|m hme xm~xa mh`|mxxa|m gmkm|dem hmee'@~x`x}xa kdzàkdem d|x`~x`na h` \aod%~aeemn`xdyd ed na~x`x}zàkm "vm| ed v|òd yaexd `k @xde`d) h` }k

a|gdka h` y`gèdkzd m x}xmed vm| ` vdm~dgg` `xde`dk`% |m~vak~dlèmhme naa|h`kdomkxa hmee'dxx`y`x h` dvva~`xm g`}kxm eande`+Kaka~xdkxm ed emggm \dyd dym~~m `kx|ahaxxa ed v|mann}vdzàkmym|~a ed x}xmed hme vdm~dggà% Nd~xmee` edomkxdyd ge``kk}om|myae` xdge` m em |moa|m nbm d xdem emggm ymkkm|a idxx`~}nnm~~`ydomkxm% xdkxa hd haodkhd|~` ~m dkna|d t}m~xd vaxm~~mdym|m mii`ndn`d ~}e vdx|òakà kdx}|de`~x`na m vdm~dgg`~x`na+ @e

vdx|òakà `xde`dka% v` yaexm hmndkxdxa hd` vamx` odggà|` vm|em ~}m `kh`~n}x`lè` lmeemzzm% haymyd `kaex|m m~~m|m x}xmedxa hd }kdex|a dyym|~d|à:

hdeed kmy|a~` hm` hèmxxdkx`% hd` ydkèat}` h` dnt}d|mee`~x`% h`d|nbmaeag`% h` d|nb`xmxx` hd ~x|dvdzza% nbm yan`dka% o`kdnn`dka%

= Lm|xd|mee` E+ Y+% 4044%V|m~mkxdzàkm% @e La~na% è Vd~naea% è Oakxm%k+4% vv+ 4/=+


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@ NAKX\@L]X@ V@ ^@GK@I@NDX@Y@ @K V\A^VMXX@YD H@ ]KD ==MH@XA\@DDOL@MKXDEM: D]XA\@% XM^XDXMMAVM\M

`k~}exdka agk` t}de yaexd gaym|ka% v|ay`knm% nao}k`% avm|m v`m%v|`ydx`% vm| my`hmkx` |dgàk` mhè`z`m m vm| g|dy` kmnm~~`x ")~aka na~x|mxx` dh dlldxxm|m }k o}|a ndhmkxm% d |aovm|m }k~men`dxa")+ âka mnnm~~`% ~aka m~dgm|dzàk`% nbm `kid~x`h`~nakax}xx` m v|mn`v`xdkha ~mov|m m |dv`hdomkxm kme |`h`naea x|dyaegaka

~vm~~a nak ~ em nd}~m l}akm h` x}xmed m h` |`ymkh`ndzàkm9

+

^mov|m hdeed ~xm~~d |`y`~xd% od hme 404>% d||`yd i`kdeomkxme'aodggà hmee'}aoa de t}dem ~` hmym ed v|òd emggm ~}eed x}xmedhme vdx|òakà d|x`~x`na `xde`dka: E}`g` \dyd+ Hd vana mro`k`~x|a hmeed V}lle`nd `~x|}zàkm% mge` o`~m de ~m|y`zàhmee'd~~an`dzàkm x}xxd ed ~}d n}ex}|d% kaknb ed ~}d `kie}mkzdvd|edomkxd|m+ @k t}m~xa d|x`naea y`mkm dkk}kn`dxd ed

na~x x}zàkm% nak \dyd ~xm~~a v|m~`hmkxm% hme Nao`xdxakdzàkdem vm| ed hìm~d hme vdm~dggà ~axxa e'mg`hd hme Xa}|`kgne}l+ N` ~aka h`ym|~m v|alemodx`nbm dxxa|ka deed hìm~d hmeemlmeemzzm kdx}|de` m hm` oak}omkx`: va~~aka |`g}d|hd|me'mnakao`d xdkxa t}dkxa ed |nedom% t}m~x'}exòdhd my`xd|m nakxd~~m ~dedxm `k t}dkxa hmx}|vdkxm m aiimk~`yd+ Vm| \dyd% deea|d%anna||myd nb`mhm|m deea ^xdxa `xde`dka e'òvmgka d x}xmed|m em

lmeemzzm% hdkha è l}ak m~movà m kak nmhmkha vm| hmkd|a dex|`vmzz` hme ~}a vdx|òakà+ M nakne}hm nak t}m~xa d}~v`nà:

Omxx`doa n`d~n}ka `k e}nm ` ka~x|` l`~agk`+ Em ka~x|m d~v`|dzàk`% `ka~x|` xòa|`% ed v}lle`n`x idxxd nak doa|m h` lmkm% ea ~x}hà hmeem~ae}zàk` va~~`lè`% e'avva|x}k`x h` id| naka~nm|m ` e}agb` lmee` m

9 Nd~xmee` G+% 404


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|mnakh`x` ") ia|om|dkka ed na~n`mkzd hme v|alemod3 na~ ka`h`|moa: `k ban ~`gka y`knm~7+

^}eea ~xm~~a d|gaomkxa ~n|`ym e'dyyandxa E}`g` Vd|vdgeàea~} }k'dex|d |`y`~xd |mhdxxd hde Xa}|`kg ne}l% Em y`m h'@xde`d+

âka vd~~dx` vana v` h` ymkx'dkk` hdee'd|x`naea h` \dyd m x|mkxdhdeed ~}d aoakòd emggm m dkna|d ~` |`x`mkm kmnm~~d|àh`~n}xm|m ~}eed x}xmed hmeem lmeemzzm kdx}|de`+ Vd|vdgeàea% g`d}xa|m v|mnmhmkxmomkxm h` h}m d|x`nae` ~}e vdm~dggà `k dex|m|`y`~xm% ~` v|mann}vd h` h`~n}xm|m hmeed vd|xm g`}|`h`nd |medx`yddeed ~}hhmxxd x}xmed+ Ed |`y`~xd ed ~a~x`x}zàkm hmeed v|mnmhmkxm|`y`~xd omk~èm ed t}dem% v|av|à kme 40>= "~xm~~a dkka

hmee'd|x`naea `k t}m~xàkm)% |dgg`}kgm ed t}axd h` 88=+666 ~an`% dhòa~x|dzàkm hmeed ia|xm n|m~n`xd hme ~ahde`zà m hmeed ~}dndvdn`x h` n|md|m }k'av`kàkm v}lle`nd+

G`}kx` deed omx hme 4066% em |`y`~xm m ` nakx|`l}x` ~` idkka~mov|m v` k}om|a~`+ M~dxxdomkxm kme 40=6 ymhm ed e}nm}k'dex|d òva|xdkxm |`y`~xd: Oakx` m La~nb`+ X|d em ~}m i`|om}kd `k vd|x`naed|m y`mkm |`na|hdxd vm| ed ~}d dxxmkzàkm d` lmk`kdx}|de`~x`n`% kak ~aea `k t}dkxa lmeemzzm hd doo`|d|m od dknbm

`k t}dkxa lmk` hd x}xmed|m m ~deydg}d|hd|m+ Ea|mkza ^mkk`% `k}k d|x`naea `k vd|x`naed|m h` }ka hm` v|ò` k}om|` hmeed |`y`~xd%ia|k`~nm den}km hme}n`hdzàk` `k om|`xa deed ~`x}dzàkm `xde`dkdv|òd hme 4294+

7 \dyd E+% 404>%Vm| ed hìm~d hme vdm~dggà m hm` oak}omkx` `xde`n`%\`y`~xd Omk~èm hme Xa}|`kg Ne}l @xde`dka% k+ 9% v+ >48+


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V|òd hmeed na~x`x}zàkm hme \mgka% ` kak oaexa k}om|a~` /omgeà~d|mllm h`|m vanb / ~x}h` ia|m~xde` ~` x|aydka t}d m e ~vd|~` kmgedxx` hmeem Dnndhmo`m m @~x`x}x` ~n`mkxì`n` hm` yd|` ^xdx` nbm deea|dnaovakmydka e'@xde`d+ Xde ~x}h` `k gmkm|m x|dxxdydka h` h}m

l|dknbm ~vmn`de` hmeed ^mey`naex}|d ")% hme l}ak |mgòm hmeemdnt}m a hmeed hm~n|`zàkm laxdk`nd m hmeed hìi}~àkm hmeem v`dkxmd|la|mm+ @k o`ka| g|dha ~` bdkka h`~n}~~àk` ~}ge` }~` n`y`n` hm`

la~nb` m ~}eem t}axdzàk` h` m~~` `k |medzàkm deem emgg` mym|~`ymhmeed im}hde`x% v|aodkdxm hava ed |`yae}zàkm i|dknm~m2+

Mk}om|dyd ` vanb`~~ò` ~x}h` v|mnmhmkxmomkxm naov`}x m èa|a nakxmk}x`% hdkha oaexa ~vdzà hm~n|`xx`ya mh meag`dx`ya

deed |`y`~xd E'Devm+ Hava ed nd||meedxd h` kao` d||`ydyd dhd}g}|d|m deed |`y`~xd% vm| ed t}dem ~n|`ymyd% h` nakx`k}d|m ènaov`xa m naovemxd|m% o`geà|dkha% e'avm|d g` `k`z`dxd hdeemdex|m naeemgbm+ Xdem vm|àh`na% nbm |`v|mkhmyd ednaeedla|dzàkm nak ` o`geà|` ~x}hà~` hm` v|alemo` ia|m~xde` moakxdk`% `kxmkhmyd ia|od|m }k'av`kàkm v}lle`nd ~}` v|ag|m~~`hmeed ~n`mkzd ia|m~xdem `xde`dkd% ~}eem ndvdn`x v|ah}xx`ym hmeedoakxdgkd m ~}eed kmnm~~`x h` d|g`kd|m ea ~vavaedomkxa

oakxdka% avm|dkha }k'dzàkm `kia|odx`yd m h` v|avdgdkhd+ @h`~d~x|` dol`mkxde`% nbm d vd|x`|m hdge` dkk` N`kt}dkxd ~òdkìm~xd|aka d ndhmkzd t}d~` dkk}dem% ~d|mllm|a ~xdx` my`xdx`~m ~aea ~` ia~~m ~mg}`xa è v|ag|dood h` |òla~nbòmkxa m~`~xmodzàkm a|ag|di`nd nbm ed |`y`~xd `kyandyd ~mov|m m

2 ^mkk` E+% 40=6%Em |`y`~xm ia|m~xde` `xde`dkm m ed ~mey`naex}|d% Oakx` mLa~nb`% k+


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na~xdkxmomkxm+ @e 40=6 ~` |`ymed m~~m|m }k dkka v|ai`n}a: t}m~xadkka `k vd|x`naed|m y`hm ` kdxde` h` }k dex|a ~mxxòdkdem oaexaòva|xdkxm vm| e'd|gaomkxa dol`mkxdem% iakhdxa hd }k èe}~x|mgà|kde`~xd% kaknb }ka hm` g|dkh` vàk`m|` hmee'dol`mkxde`~oaoahm|ka: ~` vd|ed h` Dkxakà Nmhm|kd m hmeed |`y`~xd @eOakha+ Nmhm|kd `k`z` ed ~}d avm|d h` hmk}kn`d nakx|a ednaky}e~d m h`~a|h`kdxd dxx`y`x mhè`z`d `xde`dkd ~}eem vdg`km hmevm|àh`na hde 40=6 de 4099% ~axxa ed h`|mzàkm h` Od|àVdkk}kzà+ Kmee'd|na h` ~mh`n` dkk` i`|o 886 d|x`nae`% den}k`hm` t}de` h`ymkkm|a ed ld~m vm| em ~}m nmeml|` v}lle`ndzàk` "emt}de` ym||dkka dkde`zzdxm ~}nnm~~`ydomkxm)+

Od|à Idzà% km Em Y`m h'@xde`d% ~` naknmkx|d

~}ee'dgg|m~~àkm mhè`z`d km` naki|akx` hmeed |`y`m|d e`g}|m+ @ei}x}|a v|m~`hmkxm hmee'd~~an`dzàkm dol`mkxde`~xd @xde`d ka~x|d%hmk}kn`d e'dnndkòmkxa hmee'dl}~`y`~oa ~}eed |`y`m|d% ed t}demnaom zakd na~x`m|d hmx`mkm è x|`~xm v|òdxa kmee'dol`xa+Kmee'd|x`naea `k t}m~xàkm |mkhm kaxa }ka ~yè}vva mhè`zà~i|mkdxa m `knakx|aeedxa: ~aea


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odk`m|d ndvèed|m% od dknbm }k imkaomka hìi`nèm hd my`xd|mm hd gm~x`|m+ Idzà ~xm~~a doomxxm nbm

òva~~`lèm i|mkd|m ea ~edknà mhè`zà m e'm~vdk~àkm hm` nmkx|`dl`xdx`+ ^` `kxmkhm v`}xxa~xa nbm t}m~xa dyymkgd ~mkzd dexm|dzàk`

v|aiakhm m `||mvd|dlè` hme vdm~dggà kdx}|dem m d|x`~x`na46+

Ed |`y`~xd ymh| ~mov|m naovd|`|m em ~yd|`dxm `knb`m~xm hÌdzà ~}ee'd|gaomkxa dl}~`y`~oa mhè`zà+ @k m~~mmom|gm|dkka `k odk`m|d h`~d|odkxm em nd}~m h` a|h`kmmnakao`na m oa|dem hme imkaomka% emgdxm dee'm~vdk~àkm hmex}|`~oa h` od~~d m dee'òv|mvd|dzàkm hmeem d}xa|`x eande`+

Naka~n` e'@xde`d% d|x`naedxd `k h`ym|~` yae}o` hd` x`xae`hìim|mkx % }k'dex|d naeedkd mh`xa|`dem hme Xa}|`kg ne}ldkx`n`vdx|`nm hm` xmov`% `k t}dkxa v|avakmyd }kdhan}omkxdzàkm nbm `kxmkhmyd |dvv|m~mkxd|m ~av|dxx}xxa }k|`nb`doa deem |m~vak~dlè`x h` naka~nm|m m gm~x`|m è vdx|òakàd|x`~x`na m kdx}|dem `xde`dka+ Ed naeedkd ~` dyydemyd hmeednaeedla|dzàkm hm` v` v|m~x`gà~` kao` kme ndova hmeed ~n`mkzdgmag|di`nd% laxdk`nd m zaaeag`nd% è t}dem nakx|`l}xa gày d

odkxmkm|m dexa è e`ymeea n}ex}|dem m ~n`mkxì`na hmeemv}lle`ndzàk`% kme t}dh|a h` }k'avm|dzàkm h` nd|dxxm|mh`y}egdx`ya+ @ yae}o` na~x`x}`|dkka% nak em ea|a 866+666 nav`m dxm~xd% }k nakx|`l}xa ~mkzd v|mnmhmkx` deed n|mdzàkm h` }kdo`ge a|m na~n`mkzd dol`mkxdem44+ Dknbm e'd~~an`dzàkm

46 Idzà O+% 40=2% Vdm~dgg` hd ~deyd|m: ed \`y`m|d E`g}|m% Em y`mh'@xde`d% k+ =% v+ =76+44 Ompm| M+ B+% `l+


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dol`mkxde`~xd @xde`d ka~x|d kme 40=7 iakh è ~}a a|gdkamh`xa|`dem: è laeemxx`ka lòm~x|dem aoakòa @xde`d Ka~x|d"|`~m|ydxa d` ~an`) nbm% naom vm| agk` d~~an`dzàkm% dknbm vm|t}m~xd m|d ea ~x|}omkxa h` hìi}~àkm hmeem `hmaeag`m m hmeemdxx`y`x hmee'd~~an`dzàkm+ Ed |`y`~xd% mh`xd x}xxa|d% è v}kxah'`knakx|a h` x}xx` ` ~an` m naov|mkhm mh`xa|`de`% `knb`m~xm%~mgkdedzàk` iaxag|di`nbm m dxx`y`x hmeem ~mzàk`+ Agk` k}om|aa~v`xd }k ha~~`m| ~} xmo` h` vd|x`naed|m `kxm|m~~m vm|e'd~~an`dzàkm m ~` va~~aka x|ayd|m dknbm d|x`nae` h` h`ym|~dkdx}|d% `kia|odzàk` ~} oa~x|m m nakymgk` m nao}k`ndzàk`}ii`n`de` hmee'd~~an`dzàkm+ Aex|m deed |`y`~xd m dge` dxx` hm`nakymgk`% ymkkm v}lle`ndxd ed ~m|`m Han}omkx`% }kd |dnnaexd

h` kax`z`m% naoomkx` m han}omkx` nbm kmge` dkk` ^mxxdkxd ymkkm~a~x`x}`xd hd` k}om|` oakag|di`n` hm` laeemxx`k` m hdge` ^x}h`"avm|m naoo`~~àkdxm d @xde`d ka~x|d hdee']ii`nà hmev|ag|dood mnakao`na kdzàkdem)3 d t}m~x` ~` dgg`}k~m|a `T}dhm|k` h` mh}ndzàkm dol`mkxdem% `k`z`dx`yd hmh`ndxdv|`kn`vdeomkxm de oakha hmeed ~n}aed m% `k vd|x`naed| oaha%dge` `k~mgkdkx`+


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g|dii`dkxm `k om|`xa deed nakxm~xdzàkm mnaeag`nd+ Ed}|mdxa `kd|nbmaeag`d% vm| oaex`~~ò` dkk` omol|a h` @xde`d ka~x|d%Nmhm|kd ~im||dyd k}om|a~` dxxdnnb` gà|kde`~x n` n`|nde'}|ldk`~x`nd `k @xde`d% haym em doo`k`~x|dzàk` v}lle nbm mnao}kde` vm|omxxmydka ~nmov` vm| e'dhmg}domkxa h` oaex`nmkx|` omh`myde` deem m~`gmkzm h` m~vdk~àkm mhè`z`d oahm|kd+Ed ~ae}zàkm v|ava~xd m|d% `kymnm% t}meed h` }k'èe}o`kdxd}|ldk`~x`nd nbm dy|mllm xm~a dh deeakxdkd|m hde nmkx|a ~xa|`na èx|dii`na m ge` }ii`n`% gd|dkxmkha deem n`xx |dzàkde` va~~`lè`x h`dove`domkxa+ Hde 40=6 de 4099 naeedla| nak ed |`y`~xd @eOakha m ` e`l|` nbm ~n|`~~m `k t}m~xa vm|àha na~x`x}`~nakag|a~~aoaha }kd |dnnaexd hmge` ~n|`xx` v}lle`ndx` ~}eed xm~xdxd+ ^`

naknmkx| oaex`~~òa ~}eed ~`x}dzàkm |aodkd% `k vd|x`naed|m~}e vm|àha id~n`~xd m ~}ge` ~nmov` d|nb`xmxxak`na/}|ldk`~x`n` mhmhè`z` nbm è |mgòm |`}~n d naov`m|m+ Ed~n`dxa è ~mxxòdkdem%hde 4097 i`ka de 4024 ~n|`ym| vm| è Na||`m|m hmeed ^m|d m va`hde 4024 de 4009 "dkka hmeed ~}d oa|xm)% naeedla|m| nak ed\mv}lle`nd m e'M~v|m~~a+ Em avm|m nbm odggà|omkxm`kxm|m~~dka e'aggmxxa h` t}m~xa edya|a ~aka h}m x`xae` `kvd|x`naed|m: @ ydkhde` `k nd~d "40=9) m Ed h`~x|}zàkm hmeedkdx}|d `k @xde`d "407=)+ Vm| t}dkxa |`g}d|hd è v|òa yae}om"mh`xa hd Edxm|zd)% ~` id |ìm|òmkxa d }k'mh`zàkm hme


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t}de` yè`vmkh`dka e'dkx`na m è kdx}|dem kak vm| avva|ge` edoahm|k`x% od ~aea vm|nb bdkka `k omkxm }k'`hmd h` n`xx m h`~yè}vva% ed t}dem v` nbm oahm|kd }|ldk`~x`ndomkxm h`~xa|xd+Dge` `k`z` hmge` dkk` N`kt}dkxd e'@xde`d% naom oaex` dex|` vdm~`m}|avm`% haymyd i|akxmgg`d|m è v|alemod hmeed |`na~x|}zàkmva~x ~mnakhd g}m||d oakh`dem3 em zakm `kh}~x|`de` m em n`xxm|dka ~xdxm g|dymomkxm naev`xm m ed nakh`zàkm dl`xdx`yd m|dv|mnd|`d% `k t}dkxa y` m|dka oaex` v` dl`xdkx` nbm ydk`+E'dxxmkzàkm h` Nmhm|kd |`yaexd ~av|dxx}xxa d n`xx naom\aod% Ymkmz`d% Oèdka% n}eem h` vdx|òak` d|x`~x`n` m dol`mkxde``km~xòdlè` od nbm% kmge` dkk` ~}nnm~~`y` deed |`na~x|}zàkm%haymxxm|a id| i|akxm deed ndxx`yd m `kndvdnm gm~xàkm h` ned~~`

h`|`gmkx` eakxdkm dkk` e}nm hdee'`hmd h` x}xmed% od y`n`k`~~òmdee'`hmd h` dooahm|kdomkxa m v|ai`xxa+ @e naki|akxa nak è |m~xahmee'M}|avd d||`yd v}kx}dem: e'`hmd h` oahm|k`x hmeem g|dkh`n`xx m}|avmm va|xd ym|~a }kd v`dkì`ndzàkm }|ldk`~x`nd nbmhay|mllm x}xmed|m ge` `kxm|m~~` nao}k` mh m~~m|m nam|n`x`yd

nakx|a em `k~mk~dxm v|mxm~m hm` ydkhde`% nbm bdkka ~x|dvvdxa hdxmova e' k`z`dx`yd d` |dvv|m~mkxdkx` hmeed naeemxx y`x% nbm

`kxò`h`~naka m na||aovaka em d}xa|`x% odkay|dka ed ~xdovd m`~x}v`h`~naka e'av`kàkm v}lle`nd "Nmhm|kd


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@ NAKX\@L]X@ V@ ^@GK@I@NDX@Y@ @K V\A^VMXX@YD H@ ]KD 9>MH@XA\@DDOL@MKXDEM: D]XA\@% XM^XDXMMAVM\M

h`~x|}zàkm }kd ~xa|`d nbm ~` |`vmxm: h}|dkxm è Omhàmyaymkkm|a h`~x|}xx` om|dy`geà~` oak}omkx` ned~~`n`% kme\`kd~nòmkxa% aex|m d t}mee` ned~~`n`% ymkkm|a h`~x|}xx` dknbmt}mee` omhàmyde` m y`d h`nmkha kmeem mvanbm ~}nnm~~`ym+ Ed~xa|`d n` `k~mgkd nbm agg` ~` v} id|m xm~a|a h` t}dkxa dnndh}xa`k vd~~dxa m |`~vmxxd|m em xm~xòak`dkzm h` t}m~xd3 od ~`doa }kd~an`mx ld~dxd ~}e ~move`n`~oa m e'dvv|a~~òdzàkm% }k vavaeanak omoa|`d ~xa|`nd na|x`~~òd `k x}xx` ge` dol`x`+ E'dxx`y`x`knm~~dkxm m òv}k`xd h` t}m~x` ydkhde` dex|a kak nbm i`ge`dhmeed ka~x|d n}ex}|d% idxxd h` d|nb`xmxx`% `kgmgkm|` m }|ldk`~x`naky`kx` nbm na~x|}`|m nd~m }k gàna hd |dgdzz`% ld~dkha~`~}eem edn}ka~m m `k~}ii`n`mkx` nagk`zàk` xmnk`nbm dvv|m~m

h}|dkxm e'}k`ym|~`x+ ]kd imxxd h` naevd vm| Nmhm|kd nm e'bddknbm ea ~x}aea h` ~x}hà~` h` d|nbmaeag`d m ~xa|`d hmee'd|xm% `kt}dkxa kak ~` ~aka od` hmh`ndx` deea ~x}hà hm` nmkx|` ~xa|`n` `k|medzàkm dge` ~yè}vv` oahm|k` hmeem n`xx nbm ~a|gmydka`kxa|ka d ea|a% v}kxdkha ~move`nmomkxm dee'm~x|dzàkm mdee'`~aedomkxa hme vdx|òakà d|x`~x`na hd t}m~xm+ Ge` d|x`nae`|dnnaex` kme e`l|a ~aka `knmkx|dx` t}d~` xaxdeomkxm ~}evdx|òakà ~xa|`na/d|x`~x`na h` h`ym|~m n`xx `xde`dkm m h` \aod

`k vd|x`naed|m: od t}dkha vd|ed hmeea ~ymkx|domkxa m hmeedhmyd~xdzàkm hmee'Dvv`d Dkx`nd nbm ~` |`naeemgd dee'd|gaomkxa`kxm|m~~dkxm vm| è h`~na|~a h` t}m~xa edya|a+ @ ~}a` d|x`nae` kak~aka ~iagg` hmnedodxa|` od |dvv|m~mkxdka }k lde}d|ha nakx|aed x|d~ia|odzàkm hmee'Dvv`d Dkx`nd `k }k t}d|x`m|m |m~`hmkz`demomhà/dexa/la|gbm~m% ld~dx` ~} hdx` nm|x m han}omkxdx` mv|avakmkx` }kd ~yaexd ym|~a }kd v`dkì`ndzàkm }|ldk`~x`nd


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èe}o`kdxd m |`~vmxxa~d h` t}dkxa t}meed ~x|dhd dkna|d |`m~nm daii|`|m+

Em eaxx`zzdzàk` hd ~va|dh`nbm ~` ydkka idnmkha a|gdk`zzdxm%~x|`kgmkha~` d ~aiiand|m x}xxd ed y`d `k }k dll|dnnà oa|xdem% ed

ndovdgkd d~~}om }k d~vmxxa hd ~xdzàkm neòdx`nd% ge` mhì`n` ")~aka m ~d|dkka x}xx` y`~`lè` hdeed y`d: è gàna hmge` `kxm|m~~`~x|aknd `k vd|xmkzd t}de~`d~` `k`z`dx`yd ~mk~dxd "v+ 46>)+

T}m~xm em nak~`hm|dzàk` h` Nmhm|kd "deem t}de` deemgdv|ava~xm nakn|mxm vm| è o`geà|domkxa hmeed nakh`zàkmhmee'Dvv`d Dkx`nd)% hava }k y`dggà dvv|aiakh`xa m o`k}zà~ae}kga x}xx` ` nbèaomx|` nbm na~x`x}`~naka t}m~xa om|dy`geà~a

nakk}là x|d ~xa|`d% d|xm m kdx}|d+@e odegaym|ka hme xm|| xa|à% è h`~idnòmkxa hmeem n`xx%

e'dl|agdzàkm hme vdm~dggà% ed h`~x|}zàkm hmeed kdx}|d%e'meò`kdzàkm hmeea ~vdzà i`~`na kmnm~~d|à deed ~de}xmv}lle`nd% ea ~odkxmeedomkxa h` }k'òomk~d m `k~a~x`x}`lèmm|mh`x h` n}ex}|d% ed v|`ydx`zzdzàkm ~`~xmodx`nd hme ~}aeakdzàkdem `k kaom hmeed |mkh`xd vd|d~~`xd|`d: t}m~x` m|dka `

v|`kn`vde` ode` nbm% d vd|m|m h` Nmhm|kd% dxxdkdge`dydka edvmk`~aed `xde`dkd m nbm ymk`ydka hmk}kn`dx` kme ~}a Ed hìm~dhmeed kdx}|d `k @xde`d+ Ed v|mom~~d de e`l|a "mh`xa hd M`kd}h`)%~n|`xxd hdeea ~xm~~a Nmhm|kd% }ka ~iaga ~`knm|a m |dllà~a% nbmkak |`~vd|o`d km~~}ka `k t}dkxa d |m~vak~dlè`x+ Edna||}zàkm h` ned~~` h`|`gmkx` kak bd idxxa dex|a nbm idya|`|m èv|aeìm|d|m h` t}m~x` ode` xdkxa hd id| ~mol|d|m% d yaexm% nbm ed~`x}dzàkm ia~~m ~mkzd ~vm|dkzd+ @ vae`x`n` `xde`dk` hdeed n}ex}|d


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@ NAKX\@L]X@ V@ ^@GK@I@NDX@Y@ @K V\A^VMXX@YD H@ ]KD 9=MH@XA\@DDOL@MKXDEM: D]XA\@% XM^XDXMMAVM\M

h`~n}x`lèomkxm vaym|d "vm| kak h`|m `km~`~xmkxm)% ~`hòa~x|dydka v|dx`ndomkxm òo}k` deed v|mann}vdzàkm nbm èea|a n`mna avm|dxa vaxm~~m dym|m hmeem nak~mg}mkzmndxd~x|ai`nbm kme i}x}|a3 nak ed ea|a `gka|dkzd ~` ~va~dydvm|imxxdomkxm e'dkdeidlmx`~oa h` oaex` doo`k`~x|dxa|` eande` nbmh`mhm|a è naeva hmn`~`ya dge` dxx` hdkka~` v|mnmhmkxmomkxmdxx}dx + Od vae`x`n` m doo`k`~x|dxa|` eande` |ìemxxmydka dknbm èe`ymeea hmeed n}ex}|d `xde`dkd% naov|m~d t}meed idxxd h` ~x}hà~` m`kxmeemxx}de` è n}` od~~òa ~ia|za i} t}meea h` |`h}||m ed kdx}|dd vdm~dggà m t}m~xa% d ~}d yaexd% d ~xdxa h'dkòa+Na~x`x}`~naka ed na|k`nm h` t}m~xa t}dh|a d|nb`xmxx`% `kgmgkm|`%gmaomx|` ` t}de` ymhmydka kme na~x|}`|m }k'm~v|m~~àkm hmeed

v|av|`d vm|~akde`x m ed ea|a v|m~}kzàkm kak vm|o`~m ea|a h`ymhm|m ed hìim|mkzd nak ge` dex|` vdm~` kme |m~xa hme oakha+ ^ìdnmydka xdkxm nb`dnnb`m|m `kxa|ka dge` m~mov` h'aex|devm hdv|mkhm|m naom oahmee`% od vm| }k oax`ya a vm| }k dex|a t}m~xakak dyymkkm m ~` d~vmxx nbm dnndhm~~m|a em ndxd~x|ai` vm|`kxm|ymk`|m haym ~` ~d|mllm hay}xa v|mymk`|m+ Kaka~xdkxm x}xxa%g|}vv` h` n`xxdh`k`% d~~an`dzàk`% a|gdk`zzdzàk` vae`x`nbm ~`ldxxmydka vm| v|mymk`|m a nakx|d~xd|m t}m~x` h`~d~x|`% od n` ~`

~nakx|dyd v}kx}deomkxm nakx|a e' km|z`d m è n`k`~oa hmeedvae`x`nd gaym|kdkxm3 vm| |`}~n`|m d axxmkm|m t}denbm |`~}exdxa%~mvv}|m o`kòa% anna||myd ~mnakha Nmhm|kd "407=) nbm nìa~~m }kd ia|xm v|m~~àkm vavaed|m% }k`xd deed |`ymkh`ndzàkmhmeed v|av|`d yaeakx+ Mge` ~` ~aiim|odyd d e}kga ~}ee'mka|omv|alemod hme y}axa emg`~edx`ya m hmee'òoalè`~oa hm`gaym|kdkx`% ~a~xmkmkha nbm ed h`~x|}zàkm hmeed kdx}|d `k @xde`d


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nd}~dxd hdeed odkndkzd h` emgg` oahm|km m hdee'm~`~xmkzd h`dex|m dkdn|ak`~x`nbm% kaknb hdee' gka|dkzd hìi}~d d x}xx` è`ymee` nbm vm|o`~m h` nak~`hm|d|m è xm||`xa|à naom }kd om|nmhd ld|dxxd|m+ Hava ed emggm \dyd kak ymkkm|a ia|o}edxm vèmgg` d x}xmed hme vdx|òakà kdx}|de`~x`na3 kme 4089 ymkkm idxxd}kd v| od v|ava~xd h` emggm `k n}` m~~a vaxm~~m m~~m|mnak~`hm|dxa vdx|òakà kdzàkdem m% vm|n`% ~axxa x}xmed hmeea^xdxa `xde`dka " }xèm |`na|hd|m nbm è O`k`~xm|a hmee'mnaeag`d `k@xde`d kd~nm| ~aea kme 407> m t}meea hmee'dol`mkxm m hmeed x}xmedhme xm||`xa|à m hme od|m kme 4029)+ Ed nak~mg}mkzd eag`nd nbmed kdx}|d kak ymk`yd x}xmedxd naom }k lmkm xm||`xa|`dem mdol`mkxdem% od naom }k t}dena~d deed ~x|mg}d h` }k d|xmidxxa

d|x`~x`na a oak}omkxdem+ Nak t}m~xd ~`x}dzàkm emg`~edx`yd vanav|mn`~d nb`d|a nbm ~` v|mh`~vakmyd de omgeà ed na|k`nm mkx|an}` o}aym|~` `||dzàkdeomkxm% v|mvd|dkha è xm||mka d hmeemndxd~x|ai` dkk}kn`dxm nbm% ~nànndomkxm% kme e`kg}dggà nao}km~aka hmxxm kdx}|de`+ E'deed|om nbm ymk`yd edkn`dxa m|d t}meeanbm% nak t}m~xm emgg` "a kak/emgg`)% h` e d vana e'@xde`d ~`~d|mllm x|d~ia|odxd `k }k'}k`nd `k`kxm||axxd n|a~xd mhè`z`d m ea~l`gaxxòmkxa ~xdyd kme idxxa nbm x}xxa t}meea nbm ~` vaxmyd

doo`|d|m m|d ~aea v|ayy`~a|`domkxm `knakxdo`kdxa+ Edodggà| vd|xm hm` vdm~` n`yè` dymyd `kd}g}|dxa hd xmova ed~n`mkzd hmeed nak~m|ydzàkm hmeed kdx}|d m hmeem ~}m |`~a|~m vm|h`ym|~` oax`y`: vm|nb }k xm||`xa|à v|axmxxa hakd gd|dkz`mnakx|a em ndedo`x kdx}|de` m vm|nb nak~m|yd|m ed kdx}|d~`gkì`nd dknbm aii|`|m deed naeemxx`y`x }k òv`mga o`geà|m hme


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v|av|à xmova e`lm|a "dex|a g|dkhm v|alemod hme oakhaoahm|ka)+

^x|da|h`kd|à% `k x}xxa n`% ea ~nd|~a `kxm|m~~m nbm ed ka~x|dn}ex}|d% vm| }kd ymnnb`d m |dh`ndxd la|`d `xde`nd ")% bd

na~xdkxmomkxm oa~x|dxa `k x}xx` t}m~x` dkk` vm| t}dkxa bdkka~dv}xa id|m ge` dex|` vdm~`% `k vd|x`naed|m vm| t}me nbm |`g}d|hd è

v|alemod h` naom gd|dkx`|m ed t}de`x hmee'dol`mkxm h` y`xdt}ax`h`dka kmeem g|dkh` d|mm omx|avae`xdkm+ }k h`~`kxm|m~~moax`ydxa% d hm~x|d% hde |ì`}xa h` v|mkhm|m dxxa h` }kd vae`x`nd nbm

v} omxxm|m `k h`~n}~~àkm ~vmn}edzàkm m |mkh`xd iakh`d|`d3 d~`k`~x|d hd }k `hmaeag`~oa ~moveì`ndxa|m m odk`nbma% nbm dxxmkhmd odk` nak~m|xm ed vde`kgmkm~`% nak nak~mg}mkxm ~aood|`d

nakhdkkd hme ~`~xmod "v+ 72)+

Nak~m|yd|m ed kdx}|d ~`gkì`nd% `k ~`kxm~`% nak~m|yd|m e'm~~m|m}odka m è ~}a dol`mkxm gd|dkxmkha nao}kt}m }k v|ag|m~~amnakao`na% n}ex}|dem m ~an`dem+ ]k òvm|dx`ya kalè`~~òa nbm~` ~nakx|dyd kak ~aea nak ed vae`x`nd od dknbm nak edia|odzàkm: ea ^xdxa kak ~xdkz`dyd vm| ed |`nm|nd iakh`kmnm~~d|`% hòa~x|dyd è ~}a h`~v|mzza vm| ed t}m~xàkm

dol`mkxdem m kdx}|de`~x`nd gm~xmkha vm~~òdomkxm ed x}xmed hm`la~nb` m hmoaemkha vd|nb` kdzàkde`+ ]k lmkm nbm ge`~xdx}k`xmk~`% dh m~movà% ~mvvm|a gm~x`|m m x}xmed|meahmyaeomkxm kmeem ea|a kdzàk`% d n}` ` |}~~` m ` i|dknm~`hmh`nd|aka oèd m oèd mxxd|` agk` dkka3 vm|~`ka `k @kh`d "nbmdee'mvand hme e`l|a dymyd hd vana nakt}`~xdxa e'`kh`vmkhmkzd) n`~` v|mann}vdyd hd ~}l`xa h` ~deydg}d|hd|m ed kdx}|d+ @k @xde`dkak ld~xdyd hmyd~xd|m ~}aea% ym|hm n`xxdh`ka m vdm~dgg`~x`na3


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dknbm em na~xm h`ymkxd|aka xmdx|a h` dl}~`y`~oa mhè`zà m h`hmx}|vdomkxa hme xm||`xa|à% nd}~dkha }k ia|x`~~òa òvdxxa~}ee'dol`mkxm n`|na~xdkxm+ E'mhè`z`d od|`xxòd ~` ~yè}vv `kna||`~vakhmkzd h` }kd ia|xm haodkhd x}|`~x`nd% nbm `kymnm h`ydea|`zzd|m ` vdx|òak` kdx}|de`~x`n` g|dx}`xdomkxm dh`~va~`zàkm% hmyd~xdyd }k xm||`xa|à vm| na~x|}`|m nd~m%delm|gb`% yèedgg`% va|x` x}|`~x`n` m x}xxa e'anna||mkxm vm| èx}|`~oa h` od~~d+ @ |`~yaex` mnakao`n` va|xd|aka dknbm deedoaex`ve`ndzàkm hmge` òv`dkx` `kh}~x|`de` y`n`ka em na~xm%dee'd~idexdomkxa ~meydggà h` ~x|dhm vm| idnè`xd|m vm|na|~`%dee'dlldxxòmkxa hmge` delm|` nbm ~a|gmydka e}kga em ~x|dhm% deedlakì`nd hmeem vde}h`+ Kme naovem~~a e'@xde`d m|d }k vdm~m hd`

vanb`~~ò` ~vdz` ym|h`% hd` |`haxx` ~m|y`z` ~an`de` aiim|x` deedv|av|`d vavaedzàkm m hdeed ~nd|~`~~òd emg`~edzàkm kak ~aea~}ee'dol`mkxm% od dknbm ~}` ~m|y`z` nbm ea dy|mllm|a o`geà|dxam nbm% h` nak~mg}mkzd% dy|mllm|a o`geà|dxa dknbm ed y`xd hm`n`xxdh`k` `xde`dk`+ Nmhm|kd hmh`n oaex`~~òm vdg`km hme ~}ae`l|a deed hmk}kn`d hmge` ~nmov` avm|dx` km` odggà|` vd|nb`kdzàkde` `xde`dk`% kmeem |`~m|ym kdx}|de` m km` v` idoa~`vdx|òak` kdx}|de`~x`n`3 naom ~m ia~~m d~~}|ha hd n|mhm|m nbm

om|dy`ge`m kdx}|de` `ky`h`dxm hde oakha `kxm|a ymkgdkahmyd~xdxm hd }k'ae`gd|nb`d h` `gka|dkx` ~vmn}edxa|` dlldge`dx`hde v|ag|m~~a m hde hm~`hm|à h` g}dhdgka+ E'd}g}|à m|d t}meeah` id|m de v` v|m~xa em |ìa|om kmnm~~d|`m vm| ed x}xmed hmevdx|òakà kdx}|de`~x`na% dii`knb i`kdeomkxm ~` ~d|mllm vax}xahòa~x|d|m h` xmkm|m hdyym|a dh }k vdm~m nbm% deomka d vd|aem%


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x}xx` h`naka h` dod|m od nbm% km` idxx`% ~mol|d m~~m|m ènakx|d|à+

@e h`~v|mzza hmeem m~`gmkzm v|òd|`m hmee'}aoa m è n}exa hme eaxxamhì`ndl em ~mol|dka t}`kh` ` ~mkxòmkx` v` ~deh` ~} n}` ~` |mggm

e'@xde`d: ed odkndkzd h` ym|hm m h` òv`dkx` |`n|mdx`y` deed va|xdxd h`x}xx` kak nbm }k d~vmxxa hmeed vaym|x h` dxx|mzzdx}|m ~an`de` mnaeemxx`ym% hd t}meem ~naed~x`nbm d t}meem d~~`~xmkz`de` m ~dk`xd|`m%hd t}meem n}ex}|de` d t}meem vm| ` x|d~va|x` v}lle`n`% è i|}xxa hmeedka~x|d odha|kdem d||mx|dxmzzd }|ldk`~x`nd% m t}`kh` vae`x`nd "v+>88)+

+ Em |`y`~xm hmeWWI% Xm||d K}ayd% D`|akm m Ed k}ayd

mnaeag`d

Kme 4099 y`hm|a ed e}nm ed |`y`~xd Vdkhd m è laeemxx`ka}ii`n`dem hme WWI è t}dem mllm v` dydkx`% kme 402>% dknbm }kd~}d ym|~àkm vm| ` emxxa|` v` v`nnae` "Vdkhd J}kà|)+ Kdxd nakea ~nava h` ~mk~`lè`zzd|m e'av`kàkm v}lle`nd deed naka~nmkzd mde |`~vmxxa hmeed kdx}|d% Vdkhd ymh| n|m~nm|m h` dkka `k dkkaed ~}d vavaed|`x% kaknb è k}om|a hm` ~an` hme WWI: ~aea kme407< e'd~~an`dzàkm nakxdyd n`|nd 47+666 `~n|`xx`+ @e omk~èm% nbmv|mkhm è kaom hde eaga hmee'd~~an`dzàkm% `k`z`deomkxm ymk`yd`ky`dxa g|dx}`xdomkxm d x}xx` ` ~an` m% i`ka dge` `k`z` hmge` dkk`Kaydkxd% ~` nakim|o m~~m|m ed |`y`~xd dol`mkxde`~xd "`k~`momdeed ym|~àkm vm| |dgdzz`) v` emxxd kme vdka|dod `xde`dka+Vdkhd }kd |`y`~xd |`nnd h` |ìem~~àk`% |}l|`nbm }xè` m hoaex`~~òa ~vdzà deem kax`z`m kak ~aea `xde`dkm od dknbm


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`kxm|kdzàkde`+ Ia|k`~nm% kmeed odggà| vd|xm hm` nd~ %oaex`~~òm `kia|odzàk` vae x`na/emg`~edx`ym `k dol`xadol`mkxdem+ @k t}m~xa v|aldlèomkxm |`~`mhm ed vmn}e`d|`x hmeomk~èm% `k t}dkxa ed odggà| vd|xm hmeem |`y`~xm hmh`nddee'd|gaomkxa xò`h` nmkk` nak hmn|mx emg`~edx y` n`xdx`dee'anna||mkzd% omkx|m t}` v|aldlèm òldxxm|~` `k h`ym|~mvdg`km nakxmkmkx` `k odk`m|d l|mym m nakn`~d ` nakxmk}x` hm`h`ym|~` momkhdomkx` n`xdx` m em ymkx}|m avm|dzàk` vae`x`nbm `kdol`xa mnaeag`na "m kak ~aea)+ Vdkhd J}kà| kd~nm| ~axxa ed|`nb`m~xd hme v}lle`na v` gàydkm% nbm m~`gmyd }kd ym|~àkmhmeed |`y`~xd nak em ~xm~~m `kia|odzàk` od omka hd dh}ex`+ Ed|`y`~xd `kidxx` ~` v|m~mkxd |`nnd h` òodg`k`% |}l|`nbm% gànb` d

xmod% kax`z`m% ~nbmhm hd |`xdge`d|m m |dnnage`m|m `k }kd nd|xmeed|mgdedxd `k aodggà nak e'dllakdomkxa3 è x}xxa |dnnakxdxa `kodk`m|d naea|dxd% n|mdx`yd m h`ym|xmkxm deea ~nava h` `kia|od|m~mkzd dkka`d|m4


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nak Mh`zàk` Dol`mkxm m è kaom ~xm~~a hmeed |`y`~xd%|`~vmnnb`dka ed kmnm~~`x h` dg`|m nak }k dvv|annàv|mnd}zàkdem od nak v|aiakhd ~mk~`lè`x mnaeag`nd m ~an`dem}k`xd dee'm~vm|`mkzd h`y}egdx`yd `k dol`xa dol`mkxdem+ H`y`~d x|dha~~`m|% |}l|`nbm% d|x`nae` m dknbm vd|x` hmh`ndxm deed emg`~edx}|dd |`g}d|ha% agk` d|x`naea v|m~mkxd }kd l`leàg|di`d v|mn`~d m%~aymkxm% n` ~` òldxxm `k xdlmeem m ~nbmo` m~ve`ndx`y` h` hdx`%kmnm~~d|` deed o`geà|m naov|mk~àkm hmee'd|gaomkxa x|dxxdxa+Ed |`y`~xd bd nm~~dxa ed ~}d v}lle`ndzàkm kme 4>+

]kd l|mym vd|mkxm~` vm| |`xa|kd|m }k dxxòa `kh`mx|a kmexmova m |`na|hd|m nbm% kme 4077 kd~nmyd ed |`y`~xd Xm||dK}ayd% omk~èm aoakòa hme g|}vva mh`xa|`dem3 m~~d x|dxxd `

xmo` v` ~yd|`dx` nbm ydkka hdeem mkm|g`m |`kkaydlè`%dee'dg|`naex}|d m dee'deòmkxdzàkm làeag`nd% vd~~dkha vm|e'dol`mkxm% e'mkm|g`d% è nak~}oa n|`x`na m ed làmhè`z`d+ Ed|`y`~xd h`~x|`l}`xd x|do`xm dllakdomkxa% kmeem e`l|m|`m m km`v}kx` ymkh`xd ~vmn`de`zzdx`3 hd v` h` x|mkx'dkk` }k v}kxa h`|ìm|òmkxa kak ~aea vm| naea|a nbm va~~aka nak~`hm|d|~` naomm~vm|x` hm` ~mxxa|` `kxm|m~~dkx` deed |`y`~xd% od dknbm vm| x}xx`t}mee` nbm ~aka n}exa|` hmeed odxm|`d a nbm bdkka `kxmkzàkm h`

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4> I|dknm~ndxa G+% 400=% Vm|nb }kd k}ayd |`y`~xd WWI% Dxxmkzàkmk+ 6% v+ 4+


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Hme 4024 `kymnm D`|akm% òva|xdkxm vm|àh`na nbm ~ànn}vd h` kdx}|d m dol`mkxm m nbm avm| }kd v`nnaed

|`yae}zàkm kme vdka|dod mh`xa|`dem m n}ex}|dem `xde`dka+Iakhdxd hd Mg`hà Gdydzz`% ed |`y`~xd a~v`xd kme ~}a |`nnaymkxdgeà h` d|gaomkx` d|x`nae m ha~~`m| ~} kdx}|d% vd|nb`%d~x|akao`d% `knb`m~xm% `x`km|d|`% g}`hm% dkòde` m iaxag|di`m+ @evm|àh`na ~` nakkaxd ~}l`xa naom }k v|ahaxxa h` nao}k`ndzàkm

48 Hdeed v|m~mkxdzàkm hmeem |`y`~xm v|m~mkxm ~}e ~`xawww+edk}aydmnaeag`d+`x+
http://www.lanuovaecologia.it/http://www.lanuovaecologia.it/


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